Applications open: Sixth International Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO2 World

Published 28 July 2026 Events Leave a Comment

The IAEA’s Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC) (https://www.iaea.org/ocean-acidification) is cooperating on the organization of this event and has limited funds at its disposal to help meet the costs of the attendance of selected participants from eligible IAEA Member States to present their work and foster international collaboration at the conference.

The deadline to apply is Friday September 4th. To apply, applicants will need to submit their application through their national authority to the IAEA – in most cases, this will be your country’s permanent mission to the IAEA.

If you have questions on the application procedure, please contact Ms Lina Hansson (L.Hansson(at)iaea.org) or Ms Carolina Galdino (C.Galdino(at)iaea.org).

Dates: 13–16 October 2026

Location: Tākina Convention & Exhibition Centre, Wellington, New Zealand

Form A and Form C

Introduction
Held every four years, the International Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO2 World is the largest global gathering on ocean acidification. The Symposium brings together scientists, communities, policymakers, and stakeholders from sectors such as fisheries and aquaculture to share and discuss the latest research on the impacts of ocean acidification on marine life and potential solutions to counter its effects. The Sixth edition will maintain a focus on ocean acidification but will also expand to consider other ocean climate impacts, such as ocean warming and deoxygenation, particularly in a multiple-driver context. Research on marine carbon dioxide removal interventions, which have been suggested to mitigate climate change and ocean acidification, will also be a key part of the conference. More information on the seven key themes of the conference, its 22 workshops, and the detailed programme can be found on the Symposium website (https://highco2-vi.org/).

Objectives
The purpose of the event is to provide a space for scientists from the ocean acidification (OA) research community to disseminate the results of their research, discuss joint projects with peers and engage with stakeholders. The event, held every four years, is the world’s largest conference on OA and related stressors.

Target Audience
Scientists from developing IAEA Member States. Priority will be given to early-career scientists actively working on ocean acidification, multiple stressors or marine carbon dioxide removal (mCDR). Applicants should hold a university degree in marine biology, oceanography or a related scientific field. Female scientists are encouraged to apply.

Working Language
English

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Participation and Registration
All persons wishing to participate in the event through the IAEA have to be designated by an IAEA Member State.

In order to be designated by an IAEA Member State, participants are requested to send the Participation Form (Form A) and Grant Application Form (Form C – if applicable) to their competent national authority (e.g. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Permanent Mission to the IAEA or National Atomic Energy Authority) for onward transmission to the IAEA by 4 September.

Selected participants will be informed in due course on the procedures to be followed with regard to administrative and financial matters.

Participants are hereby informed that the personal data they submit will be processed in line with the Agency’s Personal Data and Privacy Policy and is collected solely for the purpose(s) of reviewing and assessing the application and to complete logistical arrangements where required. The IAEA may also use the contact details of Applicants to inform them of the IAEA’s scientific and technical publications, or the latest employment opportunities and current open vacancies at the IAEA. These secondary purposes are consistent with the IAEA’s mandate.

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Additional Requirements
The participants should have a university degree in marine chemistry, biology, oceanography, or a related scientific field, and must be active researchers in the ocean acidification /mCDR field or should have already received technical training on ocean acidification / mCDR by the IAEA or through other efforts.

Selection will be based on merit and motivation. Applications must include, in addition to Form A and C, if applicable:

  •  A motivation letter with a short description of research interests, motivation to participate, and plans regarding present and future research on OA and/or mCDR (max one A4 page)
  •   CV with publication list
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Annual variations of seawater carbonate system in the surface layer of the South-Eastern Mediterranean Sea

Published 7 August 2026 Science Leave a Comment
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Seawater carbonate system measurements in the Mediterranean Sea are relatively scarce, especially in its eastern basin. This study describes the monthly variations of carbonate system parameters in the open sea and coastal water column of the eastern Mediterranean Sea during the period February 2018 to January 2019. Water samples were collected for analysis of Total Alkalinity and pHT at the shallow coastal THEMO1 and the deeper open-water THEMO2 (1,500 m bottom depth) stations off the Mediterranean coast of Israel. In the surface layer (<25 m), TA increased with salinity at a rate of +72 μmol·kg−1 and the pCO2(SW) was strongly and positively correlated with temperature. During summertime, surface waters were highly super-saturated with respect to atmospheric pCO2 (pCO2(SW) ∼ 600 μatm), while during winter they were only slightly super-saturated. The estimated net annual CO2 flux from the surface of the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the atmosphere during the study period was +2.8 Tg C·y−1, which is three times greater than a previous estimate made for this region (0.9 Tg C·y−1), and is attributed to the smaller volume of Atlantic water input in the present study compared to the previous one as well as the substantially shallower total dissolved inorganic carbon enriched core of the Levantine Intermediate Water in this study. Based on these results, it is still expected that future warming and salinization, reduced Atlantic Water influx to the eastern Mediterranean Sea, and increased stratification will increase the flux of CO2 to the atmosphere in this region.

Plain Language Summary

This study investigated annual variations in atmospheric CO2 flux from the surface of the eastern Mediterranean Sea based on monthly seawater sampling and carbon chemistry analyses conducted at two locations off the Mediterranean coast of Israel from February 2018 to January 2019. The results indicate that the southeastern Mediterranean Sea was a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere. This behavior was largely driven by seasonal changes in seawater temperature, which controls the saturation concentration of dissolved CO2 in seawater. During summer months, warm surface waters were a strong source of CO2 to the atmosphere, while during winter they were a weak sink. The study estimates that approximately 2.8 million tons of carbon were released annually from the sea to the atmosphere during the study period. This revised and more comprehensive estimate is ∼3 times higher than previous estimates reported for the same region. The increase is suggested to result from recent changes in regional circulation, particularly a reduced inflow of Atlantic Ocean waters into the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Based on these findings, continued warming, increasing salinity, and enhanced stratification of the eastern Mediterranean Sea are expected to further intensify CO2 release to the atmosphere in the future.

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Vulnerability to low salinity but compensatory responses to low pH in an intertidal limpet

Published 7 August 2026 Science Leave a Comment
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Highlights

  • Low salinity linked to warming may intensify coastal pH reduction.
  • Low salinity reduced righting and emergence in the limpet Patelloida pygmaea.
  • Low salinity reduces Mg/Ca ratios in newly formed shell layers.
  • Low pH increases shell thickness and Mg/Ca ratios despite dissolution.
  • CHS2 upregulation suggests compensatory resistance to low pH.

Abstract

Rising anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions have driven ongoing ocean warming and associated climate changes. In the Yellow Sea, this warming is associated with enhanced monsoonal rainfall, which increases freshwater inputs and lowers coastal salinity. Increased freshwater input can weaken seawater buffering capacity, thereby leading to lower pH conditions in coastal environments. Here, we examined the effects of low pH and low salinity on the intertidal limpet Patelloida pygmaea. Adult limpets were exposed for 31 days to four experimental artificial seawater conditions combining two pH levels (8.0 and 7.5) and two salinity levels (30 and 21 psu). Survival and condition factor were not influenced by pH or salinity. However, low salinity reduced righting and emergence behavior. In addition, the Mg/Ca ratio in the M + 1 layer was lower at 21 psu than at 30 psu. Low pH resulted in a thicker M + 2 layer with higher Mg/Ca ratios despite shell dissolution, potentially helping to maintain shell integrity. While there was no change in heat shock protein (HSP70) expression, these shell modifications were accompanied by an upregulation of chitin synthase (CHS2) genes under low pH. These findings suggest that P. pygmaea is negatively influenced by low pH and low salinity, but also demonstrate compensatory mechanisms that enhance resistance to low pH.

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Innovative minds: Raji Doshi – Engineering a novel durable algae-aragonite alkalinity system to reduce CO2-driven ocean acidification

Published 7 August 2026 Web sites and blogs Leave a Comment

Talcott Mountain Academy | 7th grade | 12 years old

About the Idea

Meet Raji. Raji created an innovative coastal solution that uses algae and natural calcium buffers to lower ocean acidity and boost marine health

Why did you enter the 3M Young Scientist Challenge?

I entered the 3M Young Scientist Challenge because I wanted to do something real with my research. Studying ocean acidification in a classroom is one thing, but this competition gave me a reason to go further, to actually design an experiment, collect real data, and test whether my idea could hold up under scrutiny. I also entered because climate change feels urgent to me in a way that is hard to ignore. The oceans are absorbing carbon at a rate that is changing their chemistry, and that affects billions of people. I wanted to work on something that mattered, not just something that would earn a grade. The 3M Young Scientist Challenge specifically appealed to me because it is not just about having a good idea. It rewards students who communicate science clearly and think about real-world impact. That is exactly what I was trying to do with this project.

What is your favorite invention of the last 100 years, and why?

My favorite invention of the last 100 years is the autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), such as those developed by organizations like Saildrone and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. These AUVs (​like Saildrone’s carbon-neutral ocean drones) allow scientists to collect real-time data on ocean chemistry, pH levels, and CO₂ absorption in remote and challenging environments—critical for understanding and addressing ocean acidification. Their ability to operate autonomously for months at a time makes them game-changers for monitoring the health of our oceans.

In 15 years I hope to be…

In 15 years, I hope to be a NASA aerospace engineer designing systems that monitor ocean health and climate change from space. My research taught me that the most significant climate breakthroughs happen when different fields work together, and I want to build the tools that make that possible.

Continue reading ‘Innovative minds: Raji Doshi – Engineering a novel durable algae-aragonite alkalinity system to reduce CO2-driven ocean acidification’

W.A.T.E.R. laboratory launched at the UWI Mona to advance aquatic and environmental research

Published 7 August 2026 Science Leave a Comment

The Faculty of Science and Technology at The University of the West Indies (The UWI), Mona, officially launched the Water, Analytics, Tracing and Environmental Research (W.A.T.E.R.) Laboratory on June 5, 2026, in the Department of Chemistry which coincides with  World Environment Day. The establishment of the laboratory represents a significant investment in interdisciplinary research aimed at improving the understanding, monitoring and sustainable management of freshwater, coastal and marine environments in Jamaica and the wider Caribbean.

The W.A.T.E.R. Laboratory is headed by Dr. Debbie-Ann Gordon-Smith, Lecturer in the Department of Chemistry, who also serves as its Research Lead. Her grantsmanship, research leadership and development of strategic partnerships were instrumental in securing the resources and institutional support required to establish the facility. Dr. Gordon-Smith’s research interests include water chemistry and pollution, coral reefs, ocean acidification, groundwater–surface water interactions, the use of radioactive and stable isotope tracers, and climate change. These areas of expertise guide the laboratory’s scientific direction and its efforts to address some of the Caribbean’s most pressing water and environmental challenges.

Photo caption: Dr. Debbie-Ann Gordon Smith. 

The launch was attended by senior University representatives, researchers and key external stakeholders, including Dr. Donna Minott Kates, (then) Head of the Department of Chemistry; Professor Michael Taylor, (then) Dean of the Faculty of Science and Technology; Professor Marvin Reid, Deputy Principal of The UWI Mona; and Mr. Geoffrey Marshall, Deputy Managing Director of the Water Resources Authority. Also in attendance was Dr. Anthony Greenaway, Dr. Gordon-Smith’s graduate research supervisor, whose research interests span environmental pollution and industrial chemistry. His presence highlighted the importance of academic mentorship and the contribution of established researchers to the development of the next generation of Caribbean scientists.

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Advancing Water and Ocean Sustainability

The mission of the W.A.T.E.R. Laboratory is to generate high-quality scientific knowledge that supports the sustainable management of aquatic environments across Jamaica and the Caribbean.

Its research places particular emphasis on understanding biogeochemical processes, ecosystem health and the ways in which freshwater, coastal and marine environments respond to natural and human-induced pressures. Through field-based observations, laboratory analyses and regional monitoring initiatives, the laboratory will strengthen scientific capacity, support evidence-based policy and management decisions, and contribute to regional and global discussions on water and ocean sustainability.

Interdisciplinary Research with Regional Impact

Water pollution chemistry is a core research area of the laboratory. Its work examines nutrient dynamics, isotopic tracers, climate impacts and other environmental drivers of change within aquatic ecosystems.

Researchers at the laboratory use radioactive and stable isotope techniques to trace biogeochemical pathways, identify sources of nutrients and pollution, and examine the connections among groundwater, rivers, estuaries and marine environments. Coastal research focuses on the effects of land-based pollution and other environmental pressures on Jamaica’s vulnerable coral reef and mangrove ecosystems. The laboratory also conducts analyses of marine sediments to investigate historical geochemical processes and the long-term effects of climate change. Ocean acidification is another key and expanding area of research. This work includes assessments of carbonate chemistry, the monitoring of ocean-observing capacity, and the evaluation of ecological and biogeochemical responses to changing ocean conditions.

The laboratory is also conducting detailed assessments of major freshwater systems, including the Rio Cobre, Rio Grande and Black River. These studies examine hydrology, water chemistry, pollution, land–water interactions and the movement of water between groundwater and surface-water systems.

Collectively, these research areas support a more integrated understanding of how Caribbean aquatic environments are being affected by pollution, climate change and other natural and human-induced pressures.

Laboratory Tour Highlights Research Capabilities

The official opening also included a guided tour of the W.A.T.E.R. Laboratory, facilitated by two of Dr. Gordon-Smith’s research students, Mr. Andrew Green and Ms. Pearl Bergan.

During the tour, guests were introduced to the laboratory’s research facilities, equipment and analytical capabilities. The students also provided insight into the scientific techniques used to examine water quality, environmental pollution, aquatic chemistry and the movement of chemical and isotopic tracers through freshwater, coastal and marine systems. The tour provided attendees with an opportunity to see firsthand how the laboratory will support field-based research, laboratory analyses, student training and collaborative environmental monitoring initiatives.

 Building the Next Generation of Scientists

 In addition to advancing scientific research, the W.A.T.E.R. Laboratory provides an important platform for graduate training, undergraduate research and international scientific engagement.

The laboratory currently supports three locally based postgraduate students—Ms. Pearl Bergan, Mr. Andrew Green and Mr. Kadane Coates—as well as undergraduate students and international researchers.

Students are actively involved in fieldwork, laboratory analyses, data interpretation and collaborative research projects. Their participation contributes to local and international scientific outputs while building the technical expertise needed to address emerging environmental challenges.

The involvement of Mr. Green and Ms. Bergan in facilitating the laboratory tour also demonstrated the central role students will play in the laboratory’s research, public engagement and knowledge-sharing activities.

Strengthening Partnerships and Research Capacity

The W.A.T.E.R. Laboratory maintains strong local, regional and international partnerships that expand its research capacity and scientific reach. Local collaborators include the Water Resources Authority, the National Irrigation Commission and several non-governmental organisations. International partners include The University of Texas at Austin and the Georgia Institute of Technology in the United States; the Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research in Germany; and Liverpool John Moores University, University College London, and the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science in the United Kingdom. These partnerships support knowledge exchange, capacity building, student development, shared research methodologies and comparative studies across diverse aquatic environments.

Through its research, training and partnerships, the W.A.T.E.R. Laboratory is positioned to become an important centre for aquatic and environmental research in the Caribbean. Its establishment further strengthens the Department of Chemistry and the Faculty of Science and Technology’s contribution to addressing some of the region’s most urgent water, climate and environmental challenges.

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Job opportunity: Research and Impact Services Officer

Published 7 August 2026 Jobs Leave a Comment

APPLY NOW

Summary

We have an exciting opportunity for an experienced and motivated Project Manager (Research and Impact Services Officer – RISO) to join Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML) on a 1-year fixed-term appointment. This is a chance to play a hands-on role in delivering ambitious international marine and environmental research projects, working alongside world-class scientists and partners to help turn excellent science into real-world impact.

The successful candidate will work across two exciting EU- funded projects, including SAFESEA, a major international initiative focused on helping society understand, manage and adapt to the growing threat of ocean acidification. This is a fantastic opportunity to support science that will inform policy, strengthen climate adaptation and help protect marine ecosystems and the services they provide.

You will be at the heart of project delivery, helping to coordinate activities, keep partners connected, support reporting and evidence gathering, and make sure outputs are delivered to a high standard. You will need to be confident managing competing priorities, working independently and bringing people together across scientific, policy and stakeholder communities.

By joining the Integrated Research, Impact and Support Services (IRISS) group at PML, you will become part of a small, collaborative and agile team that plays a vital role in supporting excellent research and maximising its influence beyond academia. As a RISO, you will act as a key link between scientists, funders, partners and stakeholders, helping projects stay on track, on budget and focused on outcomes that matter.

A scientific background is desirable but not essential. What matters most is proven project management experience, excellent communication and organisational skills, and the confidence to support complex, collaborative projects with enthusiasm and attention to detail.

Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML) is a dynamic, innovative, and independent centre of excellence providing research and advice on coastal and ocean science, both globally and locally. As a registered charity and NERC Collaborative Centre, PML has been at the forefront of the UK’s strategic marine science capability for over 30 years, collaborating with universities and research institutes across the UK and around the world.Key Deliverables

  • Manage delivery of research projects where PML is lead partner or co-partner, ensuring activities, milestones, deliverables and reporting requirements are completed to a high standard and on time.
  • Monitor project schedules, work plans and budgets, including partner expenditure and financial records, to support effective delivery and compliance with funder requirements.
  • Act as a key point of contact between funders, steering committees, project partners, third parties and scientific management teams, ensuring information is shared clearly and promptly.
  • Support Principal Investigators by coordinating meetings, maintaining project documentation, preparing reports and recording accurate minutes and actions.
  • Lead the organisation of project meetings and external events, including those involving senior stakeholders, partners and policy audiences.
  • Support the generation, monitoring and evidencing of research impact, including impact pathways, case studies, award nominations and contributions to the PML Impact Strategy.
  • Contribute to IRISS through effective communication, knowledge sharing, process improvement and input to group strategy.
  • Work closely with internal PML teams, including Science Areas, Communications, Finance and Contracts, to ensure joined-up project delivery.
  • Develop and maintain stakeholder and contact databases, ensuring appropriate data management and adherence to GDPR.
  • Support innovative approaches to stakeholder and policy mapping, including tracking opportunities to maximise impact through government inquiries and consultations.
  • Support broader IRISS activities, including funding proposal development, research impact monitoring and reporting, stakeholder engagement, and continuous improvement of research support processes.

Skills Specification

  • Project management and delivery: Proven project management experience, preferably on European Commission-funded projects such as Horizon Europe, with the ability to manage several concurrent projects, respond to shifting priorities and meet deadlines under pressure.
  • Funding and reporting: Experience of working with major research funders such as ESA, Horizon Europe and UKRI, including project reporting and supporting proposal preparation.
  • Financial and administrative oversight: Proven ability to manage and work to budgets, and to handle different types of project information, including scientific, financial and legal material.
  • Communication and collaboration: Excellent written and verbal communication skills in English, with experience of working with overseas partners and drawing together diverse stakeholder groups.
  • Events and engagement: Experience organising conferences, events or large meetings, and supporting stakeholder engagement activity.
  • Research impact: Experience of research impact approaches, including generating, monitoring and evidencing impact.
  • Personal effectiveness: A proactive approach, strong initiative and the confidence to drive projects forward, encourage others and seek support when needed.
  • Travel: Willingness to travel internationally as required for project meetings and events.

Applicant Information

Interviews for this position will be on the 15th and 16th of September; as part of the interview, candidates will be asked to present for 5 minutes on “Managing Projects for Impact: Priorities, Evidence, and Partner Challenges”.

This is a 1 year fixed term appointment. 

Our preference is to appoint a candidate on a full-time basis to provide continuity, consistency and maximise the impact of the role. We welcome applications from individuals seeking flexible working arrangements. We are committed to considering requests for alternative working patterns in line with business needs and applicable employment legislation, and encourage candidates to discuss any flexibility requirements with us.

You can find out more about working at PML here and view our company benefits here.

For more information about living and working in Plymouth please click here.

Please note that this position is a Hybrid role that will require at least 50% of the jobholder’s time to be spent in our Offices. We are not able to support fully remote working for this role.

If you have any questions about this position, please email careers@pml.ac.uk. 

Information about using AI in job applications can be found here. Using AI outside of these boundaries may negatively affect your chances of progressing in the recruitment process

PML is a Disability Confident employer, and we have recently attained the Investors in Diversity Silver accreditation. We are committed to promoting a diverse and inclusive culture, where all can succeed based on merit, and will provide any reasonable adjustments required to enable this. To support staff from all backgrounds, we offer a range of family-friendly and inclusive employment policies, flexible working arrangements and staff engagement forums.

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Trends and persistence in ocean acidification as measured by station ALOHA

Published 6 August 2026 Science Leave a Comment
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Ocean acidification, largely driven by the uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide, is reflected in a sustained decline in seawater pH. This paper examines the dynamics of surface-ocean pH at Station ALOHA over the period 1985–2024 using fractional integration methods, which allow for a flexible characterisation of persistence and trend behaviour. The differencing parameter is estimated under alternative assumptions concerning the error term, namely white-noise and autocorrelated Bloomfield disturbances, and recursive estimation is used to assess the evolution of the relevant parameters over time. The results show a negative and statistically significant time trend in both the original and logged pH series. The estimates of the differencing parameter are positive and significantly different from zero in all cases, providing evidence of long-memory behaviour. Under white-noise errors, the estimate of the differencing parameter is 0.89 and the unit-root hypothesis cannot be rejected, whereas allowing for autocorrelation yields an estimate of approximately 0.55, implying mean reversion with long-lasting but transitory effects of shocks. Recursive estimates further indicate that both persistence and the magnitude of the negative pH trend have increased over time. These findings suggest that pH dynamics at Station ALOHA are characterised by a persistent decline and slow adjustment following disturbances, highlighting the importance of long-term ocean monitoring and modelling approaches that account for fractional dependence. Nevertheless, the results should be interpreted with caution because the analysis is based on a single long-term record combining observational and reconstructed data.

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Multilevel impacts of ocean acidification on vision: retinal damage, optic tectum hyperexcitability, and behavioral dysfunction in marine medaka

Published 6 August 2026 Science Leave a Comment
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Ocean acidification (OA), driven by atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, significantly impacts marine organism. This study investigated OA effects on retinal structure and function in marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) across life stages under controlled CO2 exposures (450 × 10−6, 1 000 × 10−6, and 1 800 × 10−6). Quantitative analyses revealed concentration-dependent retinal pathology, with larval incidence rising from 16.7% (450 × 10−6) to 50.0% (1 800 × 10−6). Significant structural alterations include progressive pigment epithelium thickening and concurrent atrophy in inner plexiform and ganglion cell layers. Electrophysiological recording demonstrated severe neural hyperexcitability, with larval and adult fish showing 91.3% and 154.9% increased firing counts respectively at 1 800 × 10−6. Behavioral analyses revealed significant CO2-induced locomotor dysfunction with distinct light-dependent patterns. Under illumination, larvae exhibited hyperactivity at 1 800 × 10−6, while adults showed progressive impairment (high-performance swimmers declining from 60% to 37.5%). Conversely, dark conditions intensified activity across concentrations, with adults displaying dose-dependent increases in swimming speed (23.5% to 68.8%). These results demonstrated that OA induces significant visual disruption and behavioral changes. The differential responses across life stages and light conditions suggest complex neurophysiological impacts that may have cascading ecological consequences for marine fish in acidifying ocean.

Continue reading ‘Multilevel impacts of ocean acidification on vision: retinal damage, optic tectum hyperexcitability, and behavioral dysfunction in marine medaka’

International Conference on Ocean Acidification and Shellfish Biology (ICOASB-26)

Published 6 August 2026 Events Leave a Comment

Date: 26-27 November 2026

Location: Kranj, Slovenia

ISER is delighted to welcome you to the International Conference on Ocean Acidification and Shellfish Biology (ICOASB-26) at Kranj, Slovenia on 26th – 27th November 2026, . This event will bring leading scientists, academicians, industry professionals, speakers, and experts of to one platform. The informative discussions will highlight solutions, achievements, trending issues, and future strategies.

ISER constantly aims to present techniques, skills, and the latest information in various fields like science, technology, medical sciences, environment, education, business, banking, finance, languages, history, and much more. It helps participants to explore speaking opportunities, present their unique ideas and create significant connections. You can participate in the groundbreaking discussion, which welcomes active participation and benefits the field and humankind. So, enhance your personal and professional journey by attending the upcoming event.

Submission Guidelines

Please follow these submission guidelines for a smooth procedure related to proffering papers.

Procedure

Language

The official language of all the conferences and papers is English. Therefore, the paper must be written in English, which must be straightforward and free of grammatical errors

Our Review Process

All the successfully submitted papers will be assessed by the Program Chair, who will initiate the peer review process. Then, the Program Chair will designate at least two suitable technical committee members (Reviewers) with ample field knowledge. After a thorough review, the comments will be submitted to the Program Chair personnel, who will make the final decision about submitting the paper.

Finally, the conference secretary will inform the concerned authors about the decision. The papers which are not accepted will be sent back for revision, and those that pass the second review will be accepted.

Note: Please check your email regularly during the review process.

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Peer Review Process

Empowering Education for a Resilient Future

ISER is dedicated to transforming education to meet the challenges of a rapidly changing world. By connecting researchers, educators, and institutions, ISER creates collaborative platforms that foster innovative solutions in education. The organization focuses on advancing inclusive learning, digital transformation, and sustainable educational practices. Through its work, ISER drives progress toward building resilient, equitable, and knowledge-driven communities, where education empowers future generations to thrive.

By advancing SDG 4: Quality Education, ISER ensures equitable access and improved learning outcomes for all. Its initiatives in digital transformation also support SDG 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure, enhancing the infrastructure for sustainable digital learning. ISER’s focus on inclusive education contributes to SDG 10: Reduced Inequality, promoting equal opportunities for marginalized communities. Through sustainable practices in education, ISER drives progress towards SDG 13: Climate Action

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Ocean acidification influence on Cymodocea nodosa seedling development

Published 5 August 2026 Science Leave a Comment
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Ocean acidification may positively affect seagrasses, although the response of the early life stages remains generally unknown. This study investigated the effect of OA and seed origin on the viability, morphometry, and chemical content of Cymodocea nodosa seedlings, using a field experiment along a natural-low pH gradient created by submarine vents in Vulcano Island, Italy. After four months of exposure, seedlings under increased pCO2 showed a reduction in the viability but a higher development exhibiting a lower C leaf content, independently of their origin. Results indicate compensating responses which may favour the plant acclimation in early life stages to future acidification scenarios.

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Ocean acidification emerging as a planetary signal linking today’s carbon emissions to Earth’s deep-time memory

Published 5 August 2026 Press releases Leave a Comment

Spatial distribution of global surface ocean pH trends from 1985 to 2024 Credit: Earth-Science Reviews (2026). DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105623

When most people hear the phrase “ocean acidification,” they think of coral reefs, shellfish or declining fisheries. Those concerns are real. But while working on our recent research, I found myself asking a different question: What if ocean acidification is telling us something much bigger than the health of marine ecosystems?

The more we examined geological records, marine chemistry and Earth-system feedbacks, the more one idea became impossible to ignore. Ocean acidification is not simply a modern environmental problem. It is becoming a planetary-scale signal that records how human activities are altering Earth’s long-term carbon cycle.

Once we began viewing it from this perspective, the ocean no longer appeared as a passive victim of climate change. Instead, it emerged as an active archive that stores information about our civilization for thousands—perhaps even hundreds of thousands—of years. “That realization completely changed how we think about the future of our planet,” Dr. Das says. The research is published in the journal Earth-Science Reviews.

Most discussions focus on what happens near the ocean surface. Carbon dioxide released from burning fossil fuels dissolves into seawater, forming carbonic acid. Since the Industrial Revolution, average surface ocean pH has declined by about 0.1 units, representing roughly a 30% increase in hydrogen ion concentration. Although that numerical change seems small, it fundamentally alters marine carbonate chemistry and reduces the availability of carbonate ions needed by countless marine organisms to build shells and skeletons.

Ocean acidification as a planetary signal, showing how rapid atmospheric CO₂ forcing cascades through ocean chemistry, deep-ocean circulation, sedimentary buffering, and lithospheric feedbacks, imprinting long-lived Earth system memory far beyond human timescales. Credit: Earth-Science Reviews (2026). DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105623

Das says, “These biological consequences have been studied extensively. Yet they represent only the beginning of a much larger story.”

The ocean is not an isolated body of water. It is tightly connected to the atmosphere, deep-sea sediments and Earth’s crust through an intricate network of chemical exchanges that operates over vastly different timescales. Surface waters communicate with the deep ocean through global circulation. Sediments continuously exchange minerals with seawater. Continental rocks slowly weather and eventually replenish the ocean’s alkalinity. Together, these processes regulate Earth’s carbon cycle over thousands to millions of years.

“Our study argues that ocean acidification should be viewed within this entire Earth-system framework rather than solely as a biological stressor.”

One concept became particularly important throughout this work: Earth system memory. Unlike human memory, which exists in our brains, Earth stores information inside rocks, sediments, ice and chemical signatures. Every major disruption of the carbon cycle leaves traces that future geologists can detect long after the original event has disappeared.

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Marine sediments are among the most remarkable examples of this planetary memory.

As acidic waters penetrate deeper into the ocean, calcium carbonate begins dissolving from seafloor sediments. The boundary separating carbonate preservation from dissolution, known as the carbonate compensation depth, gradually shifts upward. Over time, this movement leaves behind distinctive layers that permanently record changes in ocean chemistry.

These sedimentary archives preserve evidence of carbon-cycle disturbances for tens of thousands—or even millions—of years.

In other words, today’s emissions are already beginning to write a geological chapter that future civilizations, if they exist, could eventually read.

This long-term perspective naturally led us to Earth’s geological past.

The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, which occurred approximately 56 million years ago, is often regarded as one of the closest natural analogs to modern carbon release. During that event, thousands of petagrams of carbon entered the atmosphere and oceans, triggering global warming, widespread ocean acidification and extensive dissolution of deep-sea carbonates.

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Ocean acidification as a planetary signal linking Earth system memory to deep-time lithosphere–ocean geochemical interactions

Published 5 August 2026 Science Leave a Comment
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Highlights

  • First ever reinterpretation of ocean acidification as a planetary-scale signal encoding Earth system disequilibrium.
  • Links rapid surface pH decline to deep-ocean, sedimentary, and lithospheric memory.
  • Reveals a rate mismatch that overwhelms geological buffering despite modest pH magnitude.
  • Identifies CCD shoaling as the key integrator of short-term forcing and deep-time response.
  • Synthesis elevates ocean acidification to a diagnostic of long-term carbon cycle stability.

Abstract

Ocean acidification (OA) is widely recognized as a defining chemical signature of the Anthropocene ocean, yet it is still predominantly framed as a near-surface ecological stressor. Here, we advance a planetary-scale reinterpretation of OA as an information-bearing signal that links rapid anthropogenic carbon forcing to deep-time lithosphere–ocean geochemical interactions and long-lived Earth system memory. Observations since the late 20th century document a persistent, spatially heterogeneous decline in global surface-ocean pH, corresponding to a ∼30–35% increase in hydrogen ion concentration, driven by sustained air–sea CO2 uptake. Projected pH declines of 0.3–0.4 units by 2100 under high-emission scenarios imply rates of change at least an order of magnitude faster than most natural variations recorded in the geological archive. We synthesize carbonate system thermodynamics, carbonate compensation depth dynamics, sedimentary proxy evidence, and Earth system modeling to demonstrate how small, rapid surface perturbations propagate vertically, trigger widespread carbonate undersaturation, and imprint durable stratigraphic and geochemical signatures through sediment dissolution, altered burial fluxes, and delayed alkalinity restoration. Comparison with hyperthermal events, particularly the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, reveals that the uniqueness of modern OA lies not in magnitude alone but in an unprecedented rate mismatch that overwhelms geological buffering mechanisms. Furthermore, we identify critical knowledge gaps regarding irreversibility, sedimentary signal emergence, and threshold behavior under rapid forcing. Overall, this study reframes OA as a planetary-scale diagnostic of whole-Earth system disequilibrium, revealing its fundamental significance for evaluating long-term carbon cycle stability, Earth system resilience, and the enduring geological legacy of anthropogenic emissions beyond human timescales.

Continue reading ‘Ocean acidification as a planetary signal linking Earth system memory to deep-time lithosphere–ocean geochemical interactions’

Isotocin receptor-adenylyl cyclase signaling mediates pH compensation in marine fish exposed to CO2-induced acidification

Published 4 August 2026 Science Leave a Comment
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Marine fish survival is threatened by ocean acidification, but the hormonal mechanisms for pH compensation are not well understood, limiting mechanistic understanding of stress responses in marine fish. We examined isotocin signaling in marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) exposed to year-2100 ocean acidification conditions (Pco2 ∼0.14 kPa, pH 7.6). Our analysis demonstrated that isotocin receptor b (ITRb) was selectively upregulated at 6 h postexposure in adult gills, though it showed only a nonsignificant trend at 5 days postfertilization (dpf) embryos, whereas adenylyl cyclase 5 (ADCY5) showed hypercapnia responsiveness primarily at hatching. Using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, we found that both ITRb and ADCY5 proteins localize to the basolateral membrane of Na+-K+-ATPase-positive ionocytes, partially separated from apical H+-secretion machinery. Knockdown experiments showed that ITRb-ADCY5 coupling is crucial for pH compensation, with individual knockdown moderately reducing H+ secretion and combined knockdown causing severe impairment (>70% reduction) and decreasing transcription of acid-secretion genes (nhe3, ca2, and rhcgb) by 44%–60%. Paradoxically, double knockdown triggered a twofold cAMP increase that failed to restore function, whereas wild-type embryos maintained stable cAMP levels across pH conditions, consistent with the hypothesis that ITRb-ADCY5 coupling may organize cAMP production within specific basolateral microdomains, though direct subcellular imaging would be required to validate this compartmentalization model. The developmental asynchrony between ITRb (5 dpf) and ADCY5 (hatching) responses indicates life-stage-specific vulnerabilities. Our findings reveal that basolateral ITRb-ADCY5 coupling represents a critical control point for pH compensation capacity.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Isotocin signaling, through ITRb-ADCY5 coupling, enables marine fish to compensate for ocean acidification via compartmentalized rather than global cAMP production. Paradoxically, disrupting this pathway doubles cAMP levels yet abolishes H+ secretion, revealing that signal localization determines function. The developmental asynchrony between ITRb and ADCY5 responses suggests that pH-stress vulnerabilities are specific to each life stage and require further investigation.

Continue reading ‘Isotocin receptor-adenylyl cyclase signaling mediates pH compensation in marine fish exposed to CO2-induced acidification’

Ocean acidification alters phytoplankton diversity and community structure in the coastal water of the East China Sea

Published 4 August 2026 Science Leave a Comment
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Anthropogenic CO2 emissions and their continuous dissolution into seawater lead to seawater pCO2 rise and ocean acidification (OA). Phytoplankton groups are known to be differentially affected by carbonate chemistry changes associated with OA in different regions of contrasting physical and chemical features. To explore responses of phytoplankton to OA in the Chinese coastal waters, we conducted a mesocosm experiment in a eutrophic bay of the southern East China Sea under ambient (410 µatm, AC) and elevated (1000 µatm, HC) pCO2 levels. The HC condition stimulated phytoplankton growth and primary production during the initial nutrient-replete stage, while the community diversity and evenness in both pCO2 treatments were reduced during this stage due to the rapid nutrient consumption and diatom blooms, and the subsequent shift from diatoms to hetero-dinoflagellates led to a decline in primary production during the mid and later phases under nutrient depletion. HC treatment suppressed the diatom-to-dinoflagellate succession and enhanced the subsequent remineralization of organic matter, thereby facilitating smaller phytoplankton to dominant and sustaining primary production. Our findings indicate that, the impacts of OA on phytoplankton diversity in the coastal water of the southern East China Sea depend on availability of nutrients, with primary productivity and biodiversity of phytoplankton reduced in the eutrophicated coastal water.

Continue reading ‘Ocean acidification alters phytoplankton diversity and community structure in the coastal water of the East China Sea’

Bight ’23 Ocean Acidification partnerships enhance West Coast biological monitoring

Published 4 August 2026 Web sites and blogs Leave a Comment

The Southern California Bight 2023 Regional Monitoring Program’s Ocean Acidification study element has begun working to assess the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on shell-forming organisms in close coordination with two other West Coast ocean monitoring programs – a collaboration intended to promote standardization of OA biological monitoring across the West Coast and ensure OA’s effects on Southern California marine organisms can be placed into a broader regional context.

A field crew for the Southern California Bight Regional Monitoring Program lowers a pair of plankton nets into coastal waters to collect shelled marine gastropods that could serve as an indicator of ocean acidification’s biological effects. The Bight ’23 Ocean Acidification study element kicked off OA biological sampling in July in close coordination with two West Coast monitoring counterparts, paving the way for researchers to build a unified, comprehensive picture of OA status and trends. (Courtesy of Ami Latker, City of San Diego Public Utilities Department)

The California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) and NOAA West Coast Ocean Acidification (WCOA) program began OA biological sampling in Southern California coastal waters farther offshore in July, the same time period that Bight ’23 is conducting OA biological sampling in nearshore waters. The biological sampling is being complemented by ocean chemistry measures of OA.

A key priority for the SCCWRP-facilitated Bight ’23 OA study element will be identifying a shell-forming species that can serve as an indicator of OA’s biological effects in Southern California coastal waters. During the first coordinated sampling effort in 2021 and 2022, the species that all three West Coast OA monitoring programs tracked – a tiny sea snail known as Limacina helicina – could not be found in sufficient abundance in Southern California nearshore waters to generate a reliable assessment of OA’s biological effects.

As a result, researchers have not yet been able to compare how marine organisms in nearshore Southern California waters are being affected by OA relative to what is happening West Coast-wide. Researchers’ goal is to stitch together biological data from multiple West Coast monitoring programs to create a unified, comprehensive picture of OA status and trends.

The coordinated, summer-long OA field sampling event follows years of collaborative work by the trio of monitoring programs and other partners to develop repeatable, standardized methods for tracking OA-triggered shell dissolution in shelled marine gastropods.

This method development work culminated with a one-year intercalibration exercise facilitated by SCCWRP and CalCOFI, completed in June, that standardized the process by which gastropod shell dissolution is analyzed under a scanning electron microscope. This new protocol can now be used on the samples collected by all three programs during this summer’s field sampling.

Shelled gastropods are sensitive to OA’s corrosive effects, enabling them to serve as sentinel biological indicators of the pace and intensity with which OA is unfolding across the West Coast.

To address the Limacina data gap in Southern California, all three programs have agreed to sample alternate swimming marine snail species this summer that could potentially complement Limacina monitoring. Researchers are focusing initially on Clio pyramidata – a type of sea snail known as a pteropod – and Atlanta californiensis – a heteropod species. Both are commonly found in the warmer waters of Southern California; the other two monitoring programs are examining whether these species can be found in abundance farther north as well.

Researchers envision developing a suite of shell-forming organisms to serve as sentinel biological indicators for tracking West Coast OA. Data from different biological indicators across different parts of the West Coast would enable researchers to take a multiple-lines-of-evidence approach to tracking OA’s biological effects, with a goal to enhance management understanding and confidence in OA monitoring data.

Researchers hypothesize that Southern California coastal waters may be too warm for Limacina – or at least they were during the years Southern California OA biological sampling was previously conducted. CalCOFI, which samples further offshore, successfully sampled Limacina at some offshore sites in Southern California, while the Bight program identified Limacina during the wintertime in mostly cooler, upwelling-dominated waters in the Santa Barbara Channel.

If promising alternate indicators can be identified this summer, Bight ’23 may follow up with subsequent rounds of sampling to investigate seasonal patterns in shell dissolution.

In addition to monitoring ocean chemistry and shell dissolution, the trio of programs are piloting the use of environmental DNA (eDNA)-based methods for tracking OA’s biological effects on marine life.

Biology is one of two approaches that researchers are taking to track OA in coastal waters. The other approach – tracking ocean chemistry – already has been implemented by West Coast OA monitoring programs, including the Bight program.

This summer’s coordinated OA sampling effort highlights all three monitoring programs’ shared commitment to building a comprehensive picture of West Coast OA. While the Bight program monitors OA in Southern California nearshore coastal waters, the CalCOFI and WCOA surveys are focused on monitoring OA farther offshore and northward.

For more information, contact Dr. Christina Frieder and Dr. Martha Sutula.

Continue reading ‘Bight ’23 Ocean Acidification partnerships enhance West Coast biological monitoring’

OA-ICC bibliographic database updated

Published 3 August 2026 Science Leave a Comment

An updated version of the OA-ICC bibliographic database is available online.

The database currently contains 9,928 references and includes citations, abstracts and assigned keywords. Updates are made every month.

The database is available as a group on Zotero. Subscribe online or, for a better user experience, download the Zotero desktop application and sync with the group OA-ICC in Zotero. Please see the “User instructions” for further details.

OA-ICC, 3 August 2026.

Localized biogeochemistry and seasonality govern carbonate chemistry in estuarine mangrove ecosystems

Published 3 August 2026 Science Leave a Comment
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Sundarbans, the world’s largest contiguous mangrove ecosystem and representing shallow coastal Bay of Bengal of the Northern Ocean, faces dynamic climate variations, including ocean acidification. To delineate ocean acidification from natural pH variations, it is crucial to perform long-term measurements of multiple carbonate chemistry parameters such as pH, total alkalinity (TA), and dissolved nutrients, among others. In the present study, surface water carbonate chemistry parameters, including TA, pH, and dissolved nutrients (o-phosphate and silicate), were analysed monthly between 2014 and 2022 in three pre-defined stations, namely Stn1, Stn2, and Stn3, part of Sundarbans Biological Observatory Time Series (SBOTS) located in Sagar Island, the largest island of the Indian Sundarbans. The observed deviation from the linear TA-Salinity curve in the studied sites of SBOTS showed the influence of freshwater in modulating TA. Generalized Additive Model (GAM) revealed substantial seasonal variability in the controls on TA. During monsoon, salinity was a dominant driver of carbonate chemistry, consistent with enhanced freshwater discharge. In contrast, during the post-monsoon season, primary productivity as indicated by the relationship with Chla, dissolved silicate, was found to exert a stronger influence on TA variability. Multilinear regression (MLR) analysis of calculated pCO2 further supported these seasonal trends. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of season-specific assessments, highlighting the critical role of freshwater discharge in shaping estuarine carbonate dynamics. These insights are vital for predicting the vulnerability and response of mangrove estuaries under future climate change scenarios.

Continue reading ‘Localized biogeochemistry and seasonality govern carbonate chemistry in estuarine mangrove ecosystems’

Seasonal variations in the bulk density of planktic foraminiferal tests in response to oceanographic changes in the western North Pacific

Published 3 August 2026 Science Leave a Comment
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Ocean acidification (OA) is a major component of ongoing global environmental change, yet its biological impacts on open-ocean calcifiers remain insufficiently quantified. Here, we investigate seasonal variability in the individual test density of the planktic foraminifer Globigerina bulloides in the western North Pacific. Test density was determined using high-resolution microfocus X-ray computed tomography, enabling micron-scale structural assessment. Time-series samples collected by sediment traps moored at 150 m and 540 m at station K2 (2008–2009) reveal pronounced seasonal variability, with test density reduced by ~ 20% during winter relative to other seasons. Seasonal reductions were associated with enhanced vertical mixing and positively correlated with mixed-layer pH, carbonate-ion concentration, and temperature. Additional plankton-tow samples collected between 2010 and 2016 further support a strong linkage between carbonate chemistry and calcification intensity. Multiple regression analysis shows that carbonate-ion concentration independently explains 46.6% of the variance in test density, whereas temperature accounts for only 0.25%, indicating that carbonate-ion availability exerts a dominant control on test density. Given the ongoing decline in carbonate-ion concentration in the North Pacific (~ 0.77 µmol kg−1 yr−1), our results imply an annual decrease of ~ 2 µg mm−3 in foraminiferal test density. Continued OA may therefore reduce biogenic CaCO3 shell density, potentially weakening the efficiency of the carbonate-based biological carbon pump. This study provides quantitative field-based evidence linking seasonal carbonate chemistry to shell density variability in open-ocean calcifiers.

Continue reading ‘Seasonal variations in the bulk density of planktic foraminiferal tests in response to oceanographic changes in the western North Pacific’

Effect of warming and acidification on polar lipid fatty acid composition in juvenile European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

Published 31 July 2026 Science Leave a Comment
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The present study experimentally investigates how temperature and acidification affect the polar lipid fatty acid (FA) composition of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. Fish were reared for 92 days and fed ad libitum under four conditions: a control (CT; with natural fluctuating temperature and pH); a warming (WT, +4°C above control, and control pH), an acidification (AT, control temperature and −0.4 pH units below the control), and a combined warming and acidification treatment (WAT, +4°C and −0.4 pH units relative to the control). Results showed that warm treatments (WT and WAT) increased final weight and length similarly, whether or not combined with acidification, and that acidification alone (AT) had no effect on these variables. Polar lipid FA profiles of muscle and brain were only mildly impacted by temperature and not by acidification. Overall, the results suggest that European sea bass, under unrestricted quantity of food is able to maintain a very stable polar lipid FA composition. However, complementary studies with individuals under different feeding regimes or from wild populations subject to natural dietary variability are needed.

Continue reading ‘Effect of warming and acidification on polar lipid fatty acid composition in juvenile European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)’

The responding mechanisms of Nannochloropsis oceanica to high CO2 and the regulating functions of H+-PPase

Published 31 July 2026 Science Leave a Comment
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Highlights

  • Cytoplasmic pH homeostasis was critical for N. oceanica to tolerate 5% CO2.
  • The tolerant mechanisms involved multiple physiological-biochemical processes.
  • H+-PPase was the central regulator for alleviating cytoplasmic acidification.
  • avp1 overexpression improved cytoplasmic pH regulation by raising H+-PPase activity.

Abstract

High CO2 tolerance microalgae screen/breeding shows the urgent research priority when applying microalgae for flue gas CO2 sequestration. In this study, we chose the important resource microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica as the target organism, the regulatory mechanisms of N. oceanica were elucidated under 5% and 20% high CO2 conditions, and the function of key regulating gene avp1 encoding H+-PPase was further explored. The results showed N. oceanica was tolerant to the 5% CO2 that maintained intracellular pH homeostasis, while severe cytoplasmic acidification was occurred under the 20% CO2 condition. Integrated physiological, biochemical, and transcriptomic analysis revealed that P-ATPase and H+-PPase activities were enhanced at 4 h and 4 d under the 5% CO2 condition, respectively. Concurrently, the reprogramming of organic acid metabolism and maintenance cellular energy supply additionally mitigated intracellular acidification. Further functional validation showed that overexpression of avp1 enhanced H+-PPase activity, increased cytoplasmic pH values, promoted pigments accumulation and growth of N. oceanica under the high CO2 condition. Therefore, this study clarified the working mode of N. oceanica to tolerant high CO2 and cytoplasmic acidification, and firstly timely proved the function of avp1, provided important data basis and gene candidates for the research of applying microalgae to CO2 sequestration.

Continue reading ‘The responding mechanisms of Nannochloropsis oceanica to high CO2 and the regulating functions of H+-PPase’

Freshwater forcing along the Indian Coastal Seas: impacts on productivity and acidification

Published 31 July 2026 Science Leave a Comment
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Freshwater fluxes from precipitation and river runoff play a critical role in modulating upper-ocean stratification, nutrient availability, and biogeochemical processes in the coastal waters of the Indian subcontinent. The formation of the barrier layer thickness (BLT) links freshwater input to vertical mixing, influencing both productivity and carbonate chemistry. High-resolution (5 km) MITgcm-BLINGv2 simulations are conducted for the Arabian Sea (AS) and the Bay of Bengal (BoB), and sensitivity experiments are performed to represent reduced and increased freshwater perturbations. We analyzed seasonal variability of buoyancy frequency (N2), mixed layer depth (MLD), net primary productivity (NPP), pH, and phytoplankton biomass across five coastal regions. Reduced freshwater scenarios weakened or eliminated BLT, leading to deeper MLD and N2 maxima, with subsurface nutrient-rich waters entrained upward. This enhanced nutrient availability increased NPP in the coastal regions. However, the upward transport of subsurface carbon also lowered surface pH by 0.03, indicating a trade-off between biological enhancement and increased surface acidification. In the increased freshwater scenario, the BLT strengthened, the MLD shoaled, and NPP decreased, while surface pH increased due to reduced vertical carbon exchange. Interestingly, stratification deepening under reduced freshwater input is more pronounced in the southeastern AS than in the BoB, contrasting conventional understanding. Vertical phytoplankton responses are consistent with these trends, with small and large phytoplankton biomass increasing under weaker BLT and decreasing under enhanced BLT. Freshwater-driven BLT modulation drives a complex interplay between carbon uptake and export along Indian coastal waters. These findings emphasize the importance of accurately representing freshwater fluxes in biogeochemical models to capture regional ecosystem responses.

Continue reading ‘Freshwater forcing along the Indian Coastal Seas: impacts on productivity and acidification’

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