The Ocean in a High-Co2 World: registration open and abstracts due 1 April

Published 24 March 2026 Events Leave a Comment

Registration Is Now Open

Registration for the 6th International Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO₂ World is now open. Workshops and field trips are scheduled to run concurrently during the symposium in addition to special and general session offerings.

We encourage delegates to review the options carefully before registering as workshops and field trips will require pre-event sign up.  Some offerings have capped numbers or require an expression of interest.

Register Here

Reminder: Abstract Submissions Due by: 1 April 2026

Abstract submissions remain open until 1 April 2026 (midnight, any time zone). Full details and the submission portal are available on the website.

Early acceptance may be considered for delegates with time sensitive funding needs; please email highco2@confer.co.nz with a brief explanation and ensure your abstract is submitted via the online form.

Submit an Abstract

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Acidification and deoxygenation matter in assessing redistribution of global cold-water coral biodiversity induced by climate change

Published 24 March 2026 Science Leave a Comment
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The ocean is undergoing significant changes, including warming, acidification, and deoxygenation, which pose great challenges to marine biodiversity. However, most models projecting the impacts of climate change on marine species overlook predictor variables critically meaningful for species’ ecologies such as pH and dissolved oxygen. The recent release of high-resolution projections of different future climate-change scenarios offers the opportunity to explore species redistribution under multiple threats beyond ocean warming. Accordingly, we conducted a global comparative analysis to study the impact of incorporating predictor variables describing pH and dissolved oxygen into marine species distribution models. We used models trained for 268 cold-water coral species to project potential future distributions for different climate and dispersal scenarios over different time periods. We found that, irrespective of scenario or period, models using pH and dissolved oxygen projected 11.5–21.4% higher impacts of climate change than those without them. For instance, by the end of the century under a high emission scenario, models including pH and oxygen projected an average range contraction of 48.2% for cold-water corals under a no-dispersal scenario, compared with a 26.8% contraction projected by models excluding these two predictors. Given the substantial differences in the predicted distribution patterns and the biological importance of these variables, we highlight that researchers should consider more diverse sets of predictor variables when predicting future range shifts for marine biodiversity assessments under climate change.

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Experimental exposure to climate change scenarios imposed alterations on the morphological traits of sessile and low-motility marine invertebrates

Published 24 March 2026 Science Leave a Comment
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Abstract

Background

Over the past 50 years, the oceans have absorbed over 90% of global warming heat, leading to warming, acidification and declining oxygen levels that are disrupting marine ecosystems and altering species distributions and productivity. The vulnerability of marine organisms to these changes depends on their biological traits, habitat conditions and adaptive capacity, influencing their growth, behaviour and overall population health. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) has been previously used for studying the morphological traits of marine invertebrates, which provide important insights into species functionality and responses to climate change and ocean acidification. Micro-CT enables non-destructive, high-resolution 3D analysis of internal and external structures, allowing precise measurement of traits such as density, porosity and morphology that are valuable for climate change research.

New information

The present manuscript describes micro-CT imaging datasets generated to investigate the effects of climate change on the morphological structure of two benthic marine invertebrates: the low-motility gastropod Hexaplex trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758) and the sessile sponge Chondrilla nucula Schmidt, 1862. Both species are considered particularly vulnerable to environmental stressors. To date, no study has investigated the effects of ocean warming and acidification on sponges using micro-CT technology. Using a common garden experimental design, individuals from geographically distinct populations exposed to different natural environmental regimes were subjected to combined warming and acidification scenarios to assess their morphological responses and adaptive capacity.

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Tolerance of egg and yolk-sac larval yellowfin sole (Limanda aspera) to ocean warming and acidification

Published 23 March 2026 Science Leave a Comment
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Yellowfin sole (Limanda aspera) support the largest flatfish fishery in the world and contribute substantially to the eastern Bering Sea (EBS) flatfish catch. The EBS has been warming and acidifying, trends that are expected to intensify into the future. Sustainable management of yellowfin sole requires an understanding of how yellowfin sole respond to environmental change, which can be assessed through controlled laboratory investigations. Across four independent trials, yellowfin sole embryos and larvae were incubated at one of six experimental treatments spanning three temperatures (9°C, 12°C, and 15°C) and two pCO2 target levels (low and high), and a range of organismal and physiological responses were measured. Embryonic daily mortality rates and metabolic rates increased with increasing temperature but were not affected by ocean acidification. At- hatch and at- yolk absorption, morphometric measurements (length, dry weight, myotome height, and yolk area) were temperature- sensitive, but the response differed across the four trials. There was a consistent increase in length- based growth and yolk absorption rates with increasing temperature across trials. All morphometric and rate- based measurements were not affected by ocean acidification. Yellowfin sole metabolic enzyme activities were measured at- yolk absorption. Lactate dehydrogenase (anaerobic metabolism) and β- hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (fatty acid metabolism) both increased with increasing temperature, indicating elevated energy demand. Citrate synthase (aerobic metabolism) declined with increasing pCO2 levels, indicating potential metabolic suppression. Overall, embryonic and larval yellowfin sole demonstrated relatively high tolerance to ocean warming and acidification. We hypothesize the variation in temperature responses across the trials may be driven by maternal effects, which could support tolerance to future ocean conditions.

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​​Long-term pH trends and spatiotemporal variability of the carbonate system in Jakarta Bay

Published 20 March 2026 Science Leave a Comment
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Jakarta Bay, an industrialized and densely inhabited coastal area, presents considerable environmental issues as a result of excessive organic pollution and nutrient inflow. Understanding the spatiotemporal variability of the carbonate system in such an affected bay is critical for assessing marine ecosystem health. The spatiotemporal variability of the carbonate system, pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), total alkalinity (TAlk), and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) was investigated in Jakarta Bay during the rainy and dry seasons of 2023. pH datasets from 2011 to 2023 were also collected from the Environmental Agency of DKI Jakarta (DLH DKI Jakarta) for trend analysis. The temporal analysis shows that during the SE monsoon, the lowest pH (mean: 8.06 ± 0.43); lowest TAlk (mean: 2099 ± 340 µmol kg-1); highest pCO2 (mean: 879 ± 1177 µatm); and highest DIC (mean: 2068 ± 806 µmol kg-1) were observed. The pH distribution gradually increased from the river outlet to the outer bay; inversely, pCO2, TAlk, and DIC gradually decreased. Furthermore, from 2011 to 2023, pH in Jakarta Bay showed a slight upward tendency that was statistically insignificant, reflecting high variability and the influence of local biogeochemical processes. The carbonate system variability reflects changes in biogeochemical (Chl-a, DO and nutrients) and physical (SST and Sal) parameters. In addition, the semi-enclosed hydrodynamic properties, together with the influence of human activities, including a continuous supply of nutrients and organic materials from the mainland through the incoming rivers, further affected the balance of the carbonate system in the bay.

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Ocean acidification disrupts the biomineralization process in the oyster Crassostrea virginica via intracellular calcium signaling dysregulation

Published 20 March 2026 Science Leave a Comment
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Calcium is a key component in the shell and skeleton structure, serving as a second messenger for regulating biomineralization across many species. Ocean acidification (OA) is well-studied for causing shell dissolution in marine bivalve species by disordering calcium deposition. However, the regulatory pathway of calcification affected by OA remains unclear. This study assessed eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) to determine how calcium signaling responds to elevated pCO2 and influences shell formation. Under elevated pCO2, increased calcium influx was found in mantle epithelial cells, followed by the upregulation of calmodulin, a primary sensor of intracellular calcium. Expression levels of shell matrix proteins (SMPs), representing shell construction conditions, were significantly upregulated in the CO2-induced mantle cells. Larval C. virginica exhibited developmental stage-dependent alterations in calcium signaling and SMPs disarrangement stimulated by pCO2. Pharmaceutical blockage of the calcium binding on calmodulin induced abnormal expression of downstream genes and shell matrix changes consistent with those caused by elevated pCO2. Restored SMPs expressions in CO2-treated mantle cells were achieved by rescuing the level of calcineurin, a downstream effector of calmodulin. These findings suggest that shell deformities under OA are primarily caused by the disruption of the calcium-calmodulin signaling pathway in mantle epithelial cells.

Continue reading ‘Ocean acidification disrupts the biomineralization process in the oyster Crassostrea virginica via intracellular calcium signaling dysregulation’

Influence of ocean warming and acidification on juveniles of the true giant clam, Tridacna gigas, and its microalgal symbionts

Published 19 March 2026 Science Leave a Comment
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Uncontrolled carbon dioxide emissions from human activities contribute to ocean warming and acidification. These alterations in ocean chemistry threaten marine organisms, such as the true giant clam, Tridacna gigas, which is already imperiled due to overharvesting and habitat destruction. To gain an understanding of the physiological and molecular responses of T. gigas and its symbiotic dinoflagellates to ocean warming and acidification, we subjected juvenile individuals to different treatments simulating predicted seawater pH (7.6 and 8.0) and temperature (28°C, 30°C, 32°C and 34°C) levels for the next century. Juvenile giant clams were able to tolerate sustained exposure to temperatures of up to 32°C and pH as low as 7.6, while exposure to higher temperature (34°C), regardless of pH level, resulted in total mortality after a week. However, symbiosis was compromised even in the sublethal treatments, as indicated by the decrease in Symbiodiniaceae density and changes in symbiont gene expression. Symbionts significantly upregulated genes involved in splicing, translation, fatty acid metabolism, and DNA repair, which may constitute an adaptive response, while downregulating genes involved in photosynthesis and transmembrane transport, suggests impaired transfer of photosynthates to the host. These findings demonstrate the vulnerability of the juvenile T. gigas holobiont to heat stress, highlighting the critical importance of continued conservation and management alongside efforts to mitigate global changes in ocean conditions to safeguard this iconic marine bivalve.

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Fatoata’s NOAA Ocean Acidification Program empowers stewardship among educators and students

Published 19 March 2026 Media coverage Leave a Comment
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The remoteness of American Samoa is, for the most part, to our benefit when it comes to the health of our island’s ecosystems. Being in the middle of the ocean, away from everything, has its advantages. Our ocean waters are still relatively clean. Although we deal with marine debris, most of it is land-based and within our control (we just need to control it). We do not have major factories dumping toxins into our waters that kill off hundreds of species. We have even managed to stave off climate change’s evil twin, ocean acidification, and our goal is to keep it that way.

Like trees, the ocean also absorbs carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is created by the burning of fossil fuels. Everyday activities that contribute to CO2 overload in the atmosphere include running your air conditioner all day and driving a car with low fuel mileage, as both require fossil fuels to operate. Increased CO2 in the ocean makes it harder for coral reefs and shell-forming organisms (like clams) to build their skeletons and shells. However, there are solutions too! One of the simplest things you can do with any environmental issue you are passionate about is to share what you know. That is exactly what Tafuna High School marine science educator, Ms. Roberta (Ertta) Laumoli, and her class did this school year.

Ms. Ertta took the first step in contributing to Ocean Stewardship this past summer by participating in Fatoata’s NOAA Ocean Acidification Program (OAP) Educator’s Workshop. The workshop provided educators with tools and resources to help them incorporate ocean acidification in their classrooms. As the school year began, the educators took what they learned about ocean acidification and shared it with their students. Ms.Ertta, Claire Bacus-Deewees and Mary Cheung-Fuk worked together and independently within their classrooms to highlight ocean acidification in their lesson plans. Their students conducted outreach, and got creative, through the development of public service announcements that shared what they learned about ocean acidification. In January, educators shared their teaching experience through photos and public service announcements. Ms. Ertta’s class excelled in all aspects of ocean acidification education, and her students’ public service announcement won first place.

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UConn helps sea scallop communities adapt to ocean warming

Published 19 March 2026 Web sites and blogs Leave a Comment
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Scallops on deck

UConn Marine Sciences Associate Professor Samantha Siedlecki co-leads a project to incorporate data on historic and projected ocean conditions to predict the growth of scallops across vast geographic regions and more than a century of time. The project uses a novel tool developed by UConn Ph.D. candidate Halle Berger. Photo by NOAA.

In the coastal waters stretching from Maine to Virginia, Atlantic sea scallops rival lobster as the top shellfish caught in the wild. This delectable mollusk supports one of the most valuable fisheries in the U.S., generating $360 million in revenue annually, and making the U.S. a global leader in wild scallop fishing.

A combination of conservation measures has helped the industry weather the effects of overfishing. Now, warming and acidifying oceans are posing new threats and prompting new solutions.

A team of researchers co-led by UConn Associate Professor of Marine Sciences Samantha Siedlecki, Shannon Meseck, of NOAA’s Northeast Fisheries Science Center, and Robert “Bobby” Murphy, a social scientist with NOAA’s Northeast Fisheries Science Center, is exploring how environmental data can be used to develop a new management approach adapted for and responsive to a changing ocean. With the support of a three-year grant of just over $1 million from NOAA’s Ocean Acidification Program (OAP), the project will integrate oceanographic modeling, industry engagement, and socioeconomic research to create actionable strategies for industry and management. The project is one of six announced by OAP in November aimed at helping U.S. coastal communities adapt to ocean acidification.

“This is one of the earliest attempts to forecast optimal regions for Atlantic sea scallop growth, based on both carbon content and ocean temperature,” says Siedlecki.

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Differential impacts of ocean acidification and alkalinization on shell microstructure and molecular responses in Mytilus edulis

Published 18 March 2026 Science Leave a Comment
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Anthropogenic CO2 emissions are intensifying ocean acidification (OA), disrupting carbonate chemistry and threatening marine calcifiers such as mussels. Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) has been proposed as a marine carbon dioxide removal (mCDR) strategy that can also mitigate OA, but its ecological safety for aquaculture species remains poorly understood. Here, we examined the short-term (21 days) responses of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis to OA (pH 7.3) and NaOH-based OAE (pH 9.0) using integrated shell microstructure analysis and transcriptomics. The results showed that while survival rates were unaffected, OA caused marked shell degradation and activated stress-related molecular pathways, whereas OAE enhanced shell integrity and stimulated growth-associated processes. Across treatments, a core set of biomineralization-related genes (e.g., VWA7, CA14, ALPL) exhibited expression shifts, suggesting central roles in carbonate homeostasis. In contrast, differential regulations of genes such as CA10 and VWDE revealed pH-specific responses. Notably, OAE induced minimal disruption of biomineralization and alleviated OA-related damage, highlighting its potential to support mussel aquaculture under future ocean conditions. While model simulations and plankton-scale experiments suggest global benefits of OAE, this study provides direct organism-level experimental evidence linking shell ultrastructure and transcriptomic responses under OA and OAE conditions. These findings offer mechanistic insights into mussel resilience and provide a critical empirical basis for evaluating the ecological safety of OAE as both a carbon sequestration strategy and a tool for sustainable aquaculture.

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Contrasting effects of river and erosion-derived inputs on Arctic Ocean acidification

Published 18 March 2026 Science Leave a Comment
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Although the Arctic Ocean is relatively small in volume, its extensive coastline delivers large quantities of terrigenous material from rivers and coastal erosion. As a result, the Arctic Ocean is impacted more strongly by terrigenous material than most other parts of the global ocean. Yet the effect of this material on carbon cycling and ocean acidification remains poorly quantified. In this study, we use an ocean biogeochemical model driven by observation-based estimates of terrigenous carbon, alkalinity, and nutrients to evaluate their contribution to the mean state, depth pattern, and seasonal cycle of ocean acidification, as measured by the aragonite saturation state. Riverine alkalinity generally mitigates acidification, whereas organic carbon from coastal erosion intensifies it. Nutrients from both sources mitigate ocean acidification at the surface by stimulating primary production, but intensify it at depth through subsequent remineralisation. Together, riverine and erosion-derived inputs account for about 20–40 % of the seasonal variability in the saturation state of the surface ocean. This amplification of the natural seasonal cycle is primarily caused by an increase in the summertime maximum of the saturation state. Terrigenous inputs also reduce the Arctic Ocean’s capacity to absorb atmospheric CO2 by 17–25 %. Accurately representing carbon and nutrient inputs from rivers and coastal erosion in biogeochemical models is therefore important for reliable assessments of ocean acidification, ecosystem health, and carbon budgets in the Arctic Ocean.

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Groundwater-derived carbon promotes hypoxia and acidification in a large tropical estuary

Published 18 March 2026 Science Leave a Comment
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Abstract

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) derived nutrient inputs have been extensively documented. However, SGD-derived carbon fluxes remain largely unconstrained, representing a critical gap in most coastal carbon budgets. Here, we resolve SGD and dissolved carbon budgets in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), the largest estuary in Southern China surrounded by the world’s largest urban conglomerate. Broadly-defined SGD contributes 89%–96% of the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) pool (2–4 times riverine inputs) and 20%–70% of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fluxes of the PRE. SGD transports DIC exceeding total alkalinity (TAlk) by 2.7–7 times, potentially driving pH decline and acidification of nearshore waters. Groundwater pCO2 values are 10–36 times higher than estuarine waters. SGD-derived DOC mineralization can decrease estuary water pH by 0.04–0.16 units and increase CO2 by 6.0–90.0 μmol L−1, affecting local coral populations and benthic organisms. SGD also reduces seawater dissolved oxygen (DO) by 12–150 μmol L−1 and fuels the development of hypoxic zones. Overall, SGD regionally intensifies seawater hypoxia and acidification, creating challenging conditions for coral reef survival in an already stressed ecosystem. Our findings demonstrate that SGD should be integrated into carbon budgets and ecological assessments of the land-ocean continuum.

Plain Language Summary

Submarine groundwater discharge can transport large amounts of dissolved carbon into the coastal ocean, but it is often overlooked due to challenges in quantification. Here, we investigate the contribution of groundwater to the dissolved carbon pool in a large tropical estuary using radium isotopes and carbon data. We found that groundwater is a significant source of estuarine dissolved carbon and has the potential to acidify seawater oxygen-depleted waters. These findings emphasize the importance of considering groundwater when evaluating carbon budgets and the ecological health of coastal ecosystems.

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Novel in situ CO2 enrichment system reveals seagrass meadows are a refugium against coastal acidification for North Atlantic bivalves

Published 18 March 2026 Science Leave a Comment
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While the accumulation of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere is causing a decline in global ocean pH, many eutrophic estuaries are already experiencing acidification due to accelerated respiration driving the consumption of dissolved oxygen (DO) and production of CO2, decreasing available carbonate ions (CO32-) and threatening marine calcifiers. Here, a novel in situCO2 enrichment system was constructed to examine the effects of coastal acidification on the growth and survival of two species of North Atlantic bivalves (Argopecten irradians and Crassostrea virginica) in two distinct estuarine habitats: a seagrass meadow and an unvegetated sandy bottom in an open water estuary. The in-situ system captured natural diel dynamics as ambient chambers displayed chemistry nearly identical to the surrounding water, while CO2-enriched, acidified chambers maintained a consistent ~Δ 0.3–0.5 pH offset. At the unvegetated sandy bottom site, A. irradians and C. virginica displayed significant reductions in growth and survival in the acidified chambers (pHT = 7.3–7.5; saturation state of aragonite, ΩAr = 0.6–0.9) relative to ambient conditions (pHT = 7.6–7.9; ΩAr = 1.6–2). At the seagrass site, while growth of A. irradians and C. virginica in the acidified treatments (pHT = 7.3–7.7; ΩAr = 0.7) receiving the same delivery of CO2 was, again, significantly slowed compared to the control (pHT = 7.5–8.1; ΩAr = 2 – 2.8), the growth reduction, mortality rates, and levels of acidification were attenuated compared to the sandy bottom experiment, evidencing the ability of seagrass to buffer seawater and serve as a potential acidification refuge for bivalves. Collectively, the novel experimental CO2 enrichment system constructed for this project demonstrates that coastal acidification can have deleterious effects on marine bivalve populations, and that future conditions as well as the habitat refuge offered by seagrasses must be considered when developing management and restoration plans for temperate estuaries. 

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The economic impact of climate change on coral reef in the Main Hawaiian Islands

Published 18 March 2026 Science Leave a Comment
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Coral reefs are highly diverse and productive ecosystems that provide a wide range of ecosystem services, including recreation, coastal protection, and marine biodiversity. Climate change impacts, including ocean warming and acidification, pose a significant threat to coral reefs and the ecosystem services they provide. The variability of these impacts underlines the need to develop more spatially explicit tools in coastal ecosystem management that integrate and assess potential ecological and socio-economic outcomes. To address this, a spatially explicit predictive ecological model is applied to project changes in coral reef cover, using downscaled data from Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) climate scenarios. Based on these projections, welfare impacts of changes in recreational value are estimated across different populations and landscapes. Cumulative welfare losses for Hawaiʻi residents range from $1.5 to $3.3 billion in 2024$ by 2100. Counterintuitively, cumulative welfare losses are higher under optimistic emissions scenarios, where coral reef degradation is less severe than higher emission scenarios, because more people will experience smaller ecological losses. The approach incorporates site-specific characteristics, income distribution, and projected regional population growth to connect ecological change with welfare outcomes. EJScreen is used to assess variation in welfare impacts, identifying disadvantaged communities based on demographic and environmental indicators such as poverty, minority status, and exposure to environmental risks. These findings can inform policy and resource allocation by supporting ecosystem management strategies that account for both ecological dynamics and community-level socio-economic conditions.

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Seasonal variations and key controls on seawater aragonite saturation state in the Northern Yellow Sea, China

Published 17 March 2026 Science Leave a Comment
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Based on four field surveys conducted from August 2022 to May 2023, seasonal distribution and dynamics of the seawater aragonite saturation state (Ωarag) were investigated in the northern coastal zone of the Northern Yellow Sea, an important fishery region, to assess impacts of ocean acidification especially in river-dominated coastal systems. Results revealed seawater Ωarag had significant spatiotemporal variability with surface values ranging from 1.42 to 3.76 in summer, 1.22 to 2.34 in autumn, 1.71 to 2.48 in winter, and 2.03 to 3.56 in spring. Subsurface seawater Ωarag was generally lower than surface values, while seawater with Ωarag < 1.5—a critical threshold for severe biological stress—were predominantly found in the nearshore areas and in the southwestern offshore bottom waters. Persistent seasonal acidification was observed across the study area. While seawater temperature played an important role in seasonal Ωarag variation, its effect was masked in the nearshore zones by river-diluted water inputs, especially in summer, and in offshore bottom waters by community respiration during summer and autumn. These mechanistic insights clarify key drivers of coastal acidification and provide a scientific basis for developing targeted strategies to detect acidification trends and ecosystem responses in anthropogenically impacted coastal regions.

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Coulometric readout of ion-selective electrodes for an aquatic pH probe

Published 17 March 2026 Science Leave a Comment
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Ion-selective electrodes are widely used for the detection of ions in aqueous solutions such as natural waters. Their origin traces back to 1909 with the invention of the pH glass electrode. Nowadays, routine pH measurements are still performed by potentiometric measurements with glass electrodes. The phase-boundary potential difference at the glass membrane-sample interface, measured against a reference electrode, relates to solution pH following the Nernst equation. While being user-friendly, they suffer from multiple drawbacks. Firstly, their sensitivity is intrinsically dictated by the Nernst equation and is limited to 59.2 mV/pH at 25 °C. This might not be sufficient for applications where high precision pH sensing is required, such as ocean acidification monitoring. Secondly, a Nernstian response can only be obtained if all the other potential differences in the overall electrochemical cell are constant over the whole experimental procedure. This is not the case when, for example, the temperature or the ionic strength of the sample change during the measurement routine. The former influences the glass electrode itself, while the latter rather affects the reference electrode via liquid junction potential variations.

This thesis presents enhancements to the potentiometric experimental setup for pH sensing with glass or polymeric membrane pH electrodes, achieved through the integration of electronic components, chemical symmetry and open liquid junctions. A dynamic electrochemical readout called constant potential coulometry is explored for in situ pH sensing in coastal waters by implementation in a submersible probe deployed in the Krka River estuary in April 2025.

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Physiological responses of Swedish maerl to ocean acidification and warming

Published 17 March 2026 Science Leave a Comment
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Maerl, (Corallinales, Rhodophyta), are free-living calcareous algae found in coastal ecosystems. They form biogenic beds with complex structures in which other species can find refuge or on which other species can settle, which highlights their importance as an ecosystem. While many species have been investigated worldwide, maerl from the Swedish west coast are poorly studied. This report investigated both acidification and warming impacts on different physiological functions of Swedish maerl, including photosynthesis, respiration and calcification. The maerl were exposed to different pH levels and temperatures in both light and dark conditions to determine their physiological thresholds, where photosynthesis and respiration were measured via oxygen fluctuations, photosynthetic efficiency via PAM fluorometry and calcification via alkalinity titrations. It was found that neither photosynthetic nor respiratory oxygen exchange showed positive or negative trends when exposed to changes in pH. On the contrary, photosynthesis peaked at the natural ambient temperature of 16°C and respiration increased with increasing temperature. Photosynthetic efficiency also did not show any trends to pH changes. However, calcification showed a significant (p < 0.05) negative response to pH in both light and dark conditions, with the response more severe in dark conditions. This suggests that decreasing pH may induce skeletal dissolution, and that photosynthesis could help buffer internal responses to external conditions. Carbonate production at ambient conditions in the light was calculated to be 556 ± 54 g CaCO3 m-2 yr-1, showing that Swedish maerl are just as, if not more, productive than maerl found elsewhere. Overall, this report showed that photosynthetic and respiratory thresholds may not be reached with acidification and that temperature increases could instead have much more severe consequences. It also showed that calcification thresholds will be met sooner rather than later, depending on acidification rates, in darker conditions for maerl found in temperate and possibly polar regions.

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Multi-level holobiont dysregulation increases the ecological risk of combined ocean acidification and benzo[a]pyrene pollution to the reef-building coral Porites lutea

Published 17 March 2026 Science Leave a Comment
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Highlights

  • Combined ocean acidification and BaP induce holobiont dysregulation, evidencing by a decoupled Symbiodiniaceae proliferation and a collapse of the archaeal Nanoarchaeota-Halobacterota symbiosis.
  • The coral host shifts its defense strategy from antioxidant capacity to cellular homeostasis, while the bacterial community increases functional redundancy, revealing a costly acclimation mechanism.
  • The multi-level dysregulation demonstrates an underestimated ecological risk, highlighting that current single-stressor risk assessments are inadequate for protecting corals under complex pollution scenarios.

Abstract

Reef-building corals are increasingly threatened by the combined effects of global climate change and localized organic pollutants. However, the holistic impacts of co-exposure to ocean acidification (OA) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) on coral holobionts remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the multi-level responses of the reef-building coral Porites lutea to short-term (7-day) exposure to OA (pH 7.80), BaP (10 µg/L), and their combination, by integrating physiological measurements with microbiome profiling (ITS2 and 16S rRNA). We found that combined stress was associated with a dysregulated response in Symbiodiniaceae, characterized by a significant increase in cell density without a parallel rise in chlorophyll content, suggesting a possible compensatory but inefficient proliferation response. Despite this, the dominant symbiont Cladocopium C15 remained stable. The bacterial diversity increased (e.g., enrichment of Ruegeria and Acanthopleuribacter, decline of Endozoicomonas), which may suggest enhanced functional redundancy, while the archaeal community was significantly restructured, most notably a marked decline of the putative obligate Nanoarchaeota–Halobacterota symbiosis. At the host level, combined stress was associated with suppressed antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD/POD) but upregulated genes related to protein folding (Hsp90) and calcium homeostasis (NCX1, VAMP4). These findings suggest a complex holobiont reconfiguration under combined stress, involving a stabilized core symbiont, altered microbiomes, and a shifted host defense strategy. Our study suggests that the ecological risk of combined OA and organic pollution may not be extrapolated from single-stressor responses, indicating the need to incorporate multi-stressor frameworks into coral reef risk assessments.

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Effects of rapid acidification in marine seawater: focus on Actinopterygii

Published 17 March 2026 Science Leave a Comment
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Highlights

  • The review reports physiological, behavioural, developmental and reproductive effects.
  • Studies on Actinopterygii exposure to various pCO₂ levels are integrated.
  • Fishes show strong species- and life-stagesingle bondspecific vulnerability to high pCO2.
  • Most experiments with extreme CO₂ levels are short-term, limiting current knowledge.

Abstract

The progressive acidification of the world’s oceans has led to widespread concern regarding the potential consequences for marine biosphere. As a result, most research has been focused on the steady increase of dissolved CO₂ and consequent acidification thus on calcifying species while less attention has been paid to the physiological and developmental impacts of teleost fish. However, rapid and massive release of carbon dioxide (CO₂) into the marine environment may occur due to both natural and anthropogenic causes. This review specifically examines the outcomes of rapid but confined CO₂ emissions, with a focus on their role in accelerating the local acidification of seawater and on the related effects on Actinopterygii. It examines the impacts of elevated CO₂ levels on marine fishes, also emphasizing the lack of experimental evidence on embryonic larval and larval phases, which are highly vulnerable to acid-base imbalances and related physiological disruptions. A broad review of literature published between 1963 and 2025, on fishes’ exposure to varying CO₂ conditions, highlights pronounced variability in responses across species and developmental stages. Early life phases frequently exhibit reduced survival, skeletal and sensory anomalies, and shifts in metabolic demand. Although some taxa demonstrate compensatory adjustments, the resulting energetic costs and physiological trade-offs can limit growth, reproduction, and long-term resilience. Advancing our understanding of fish vulnerability and adaptive potential under seawater acidification of marine fishes in an acidifying environment requires long-term, ecologically relevant designs and integrated approaches that link multiple life stages and biological scales.

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An invisible threat in Long Island’s waters

Published 16 March 2026 Media coverage Leave a Comment
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For generations, the waters surrounding Long Island have defined its identity — from the wide-open waterfronts of the South Shore to the shellfish beds of the North Shore. But beneath the surface, a quieter transformation is underway.

Ocean acidification is often called climate change’s “evil twin,” and refers to the lowering of the water’s pH, the scale used to measure the concentration of hydrogen ions in the water. While global warming refers to rising temperatures, acidification describes a shift in seawater chemistry.

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On Long Island, acidification is not driven by global carbon emissions alone. Local factors intensify the problem. Nitrogen discharged from wastewater, septic systems and fertilizer runoff flows into bays and harbors, fueling harmful algal blooms. When those blooms die and decompose, the process consumes oxygen and releases additional carbon dioxide in the water, further lowering pH.

The result is a compounding effect: global atmospheric carbon dioxide combined with local nitrogen pollution accelerates acidification in shallow, enclosed estuaries.

Warming waters add another layer of stress. As temperatures rise, marine organisms’ metabolic demands increase, but warmer water holds less dissolved oxygen. Together, warming and acidification can weaken shellfish during their most vulnerable larval stages, making it harder for them to survive and build shells.

For Long Island’s oyster and clam farmers — industries that have experienced both revival and setbacks in recent decades — these chemical changes aren’t just theoretical. They are measurable, seasonal and, increasingly, part of daily operations.

Continue reading ‘An invisible threat in Long Island’s waters’

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