Under ocean warming and acidification, diatoms use a unique acclimation and adaptation strategy by saving energy and utilizing it for other cellular processes. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie this reprogramming of energy utilization are currently unknown. Here, we investigate the metabolic reprogramming of the ecologically important diatom Skeletonema dohrnii grown under two different temperature (21 °C and 25 °C) and pCO2 (400 ppm and 1000 ppm) levels, utilizing global transcriptomic analysis. We find that evolutionary changes in the baseline gene expression, which we termed transcriptional up and downregulation, is the primary mechanism used by diatoms to acclimate to the combined conditions of ocean warming and acidification. This transcriptional regulation shows that under higher temperature and pCO2 conditions, photosynthesis, electron transport, and carboxylation were modified with increasing abundances of genes encoding ATP, NADPH, and carbon gaining for the carbon‐dioxide‐concentrating mechanisms (CCMs). Our results also indicate that changes in the transcriptional regulation of CCMs led to a decrease in the metabolic cost to save energy by promoting amino acid synthesis and nitrogen assimilation for the active protein processing machinery to adapt to warming and ocean acidification. This study generated unique metabolic insights into diatoms and suggests that future climate change conditions will cause evolutionary changes in oceanic diatoms that will facilitate their acclimation strategy.
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Transcriptomic reprogramming of the oceanic diatom Skeletonema dohrnii under warming ocean and acidification
Published 2 October 2020 Science ClosedTags: adaptation, biological response, laboratory, molecular biology, multiple factors, otherprocess, photosynthesis, phytoplankton, temperature
A rise in ROS and EPS production: new insights into the Trichodesmium erythraeum response to ocean acidification
Published 1 October 2020 Science ClosedTags: biological response, growth, molecular biology, nitrogen fixation, physiology, prokaryotes
The diazotrophic cyanobacterium Trichodesmium is thought to be a major contributor to the new N in the parts of the oligotrophic, subtropical and tropical oceans. In this study physiological and biochemical methods and transcriptome sequencing were used to investigate the influences of ocean acidification (OA) on Trichodesmium erythraeum (T. erythraeum). We presented evidence that OA caused by CO2 slowed the growth rate and physiological activity of T. erythraeum. OA led to reduced development of proportion of the vegetative cells into diazocytes which included up‐regulated genes of nitrogen fixation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation was increased due to the disruption of photosynthetic electron transport and decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities under acidified conditions. This study showed that OA increased the amounts of (exopolysaccharides) EPS in T. erythraeum, and the key genes of ribose‐5‐phosphate (R5P) and glycosyltransferases (Tery_3818) were up‐regulated. These results provide new insight into how ROS and EPS of T. erythraeum increase in an acidified future ocean to cope with OA‐imposed stress.
Ocean warming and acidification effects on calcareous phytoplankton communities
Published 1 October 2020 Press releases Closed
A new study led by researchers from the Institute of Environmental Science and Technology of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ICTA-UAB) warns that the negative effects of rapid ocean warming on planktonic communities will be exacerbated by ocean acidification.
The research, recently published in Scientific Reports, shows that some of the major environmental changes projected for this century in the Mediterranean Sea (e.g., ocean acidification, ocean warming, and the increasingly frequent marine heatwaves in summer) can have adverse effects on the productivity of calcifying phytoplankton communities (coccolithophores).
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Planktonic sea snails and slugs may be more adaptable to ocean acidification than expected
Published 1 October 2020 Press releases , Science ClosedAn evolutionary study finds that pteropods, or “wing-footed” sea snails and slugs, have faced acidified oceans in the past – and survived.
Pteropods, or “wing-footed” sea snails and slugs, may be more resilient to acidic oceans than previously thought, scientists report.
By digging into their evolutionary history, the research team found that pteropods are much older than expected and survived past crises when the oceans became warmer and more acidic.
Their findings, published on the 24th September 2020 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), are a surprising turn of events, as these beautiful and enigmatic marine creatures are currently one of the most adversely affected by ocean acidification.
Pteropods are split into two major groups: shelled sea butterflies (left) and sea angels (right) that lose their shell when they reach adulthood. These creatures have adapted from a life on the sea floor to a life in the open ocean, with their muscular foot transformed into two wing-like structures, which they use to “fly” up and down through the water. While sea butterflies graze using a mucus web to catch microscopic plankton, sea angels are carnivorous and prey exclusively on the sea butterflies.
Photos courtesy of Katja Peijnenburg and Erica Goetze
“Pteropods have been infamously called the “canaries in a coal mine” – they act as an early warning signal for increased ocean acidity,” said senior author Dr. Ferdinand Marlétaz, who is visiting faculty at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) and a former postdoctoral researcher in the OIST Molecular Genetics Unit, led by Pr. Daniel Rokhsar.
Warming and ocean acidification may decrease estuarine dissolved organic carbon export to the ocean
Published 30 September 2020 Science ClosedTags: biogeochemistry, biological response, BRcommunity, laboratory, multiple factors, prokaryotes, South Pacific, temperature
Estuaries make a disproportionately large contribution of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to the global carbon cycle, but it is unknown how this will change under a future climate. As such, the response of DOC fluxes from microbially dominated unvegetated sediments to individual and combined future climate stressors of warming (from Δ−3 °C to Δ+5 °C on ambient mean temperatures) and ocean acidification (OA, ~2 times the current partial pressure of CO2, pCO2) was investigated ex situ. Warming alone increased sediment heterotrophy, resulting in a proportional increase in sediment DOC uptake, with sediments becoming net sinks of DOC (3.5 to 8.8 mmol-C m−2 d−1) at warmer temperatures (Δ+3 °C and Δ+5 °C, respectively). This temperature response changed under OA conditions, with sediments becoming more autotrophic and a greater sink of DOC (1 to 4 times greater than under current-pCO2). This response was attributed to the stimulation of heterotrophic bacteria with the autochthonous production of labile organic matter by microphytobenthos. Extrapolating these results to the global area of unvegetated subtidal estuarine sediments, the future climate of warming (Δ+3 °C) and OA may decrease the estuarine export of DOC by ~80 % (~150 Tg-C yr−1) and have a disproportionately large impact on the global DOC budget.
Bigfin reef squid demonstrate capacity for conditional discrimination and projected future carbon dioxide levels have no effect on learning capabilities
Published 30 September 2020 Science ClosedTags: biological response, laboratory, mollusks, performance, South Pacific
Anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are being absorbed by the oceans, a process known as ocean acidification, and risks adversely affecting a variety of behaviours in a range of marine species, including inhibited learning in some fishes. However, the effects of elevated CO2 on learning in advanced invertebrates such as cephalopods are unknown. Any impacts to the learning abilities of cephalopods could have far-reaching consequences for their populations and the communities they inhabit. Cephalopods have some of the most advanced cognitive abilities among invertebrates and are one of the few invertebrate taxa in which conditional discrimination has been demonstrated, though the trait has not been demonstrated in any species of squid. Here, we tested for the first time the capacity for conditional discrimination in a squid species (Sepioteuthis lessoniana). Furthermore, we investigated the effects of projected future CO2 levels (1,084 µatm) on conditional discrimination and learning more generally. A three-task experiment within a two-choice arena was used to test learning and conditional discrimination. Learning was measured by improvements in task completion in repeated trials over time and the number of trials required to pass each task. Squid exhibited significant learning capabilities, with an increase in correct choices over successive trials and a decrease in the number of trials needed to complete the successive tasks. Six of the 12 squid tested successfully passed all three tasks indicating a capacity for conditional discrimination in the species. Elevated CO2 had no effect on learning or on the capacity for conditional discrimination in squid. This study highlights the remarkable cognitive abilities of S. lessoniana, demonstrated by their capacity for conditional discrimination, and suggests that ocean acidification will not compromise learning abilities. However, other behavioural traits in the species have been shown to be altered at comparable elevated CO2 conditions. It is not clear why some ecologically important behaviours are altered by elevated CO2 whereas others are unaffected. Future research should focus on the physiological mechanism responsible for altered behaviours in squid at elevated CO2.
Oregon recognized as leader in efforts to stem climate and ocean changes
Published 30 September 2020 Media coverage Closed
SALEM — Oregon again was recognized as a leader in efforts to stem climate change and ocean acidification and hypoxia (OAH).
The legislatively created Oregon Coordinating Council on OAH recently was recognized for its efforts to guide Oregon’s response to ocean change and OAH. The Coordinating Council received an Honorable Mention for the 2020 Climate Adaptation Leadership Award for Natural Resources.
ODFW’s Dr. Caren Braby and OSU’s Dr. Jack Barth lead the Coordinating Council.
The award, given by the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, recognizes the Coordinating Council’s exemplary leadership in reducing climate related threats through developing and carrying out the 2019-2025 OAH Action Plan.
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East coast oysters show resilience to ocean acidification
Published 29 September 2020 Media coverage ClosedOysters from Saint-Simon Bay in northern New Brunswick have been shown to be impressive tolerance to ocean acidification, according to a new study in the ICES Journal of Marine Science.
Globally, seawater pH is decreasing as the oceans absorb excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
“The oceans are a massive sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide,” says Jeff Clements, lead author of the study. “All of this extra CO2 is changing the chemistry of the oceans, with potentially deleterious effects for marine shellfish.”
While ocean pH is not actually acidic by definition, the change in ocean pH presents a challenge for marine life. A major consequence is that shellfish like oysters have a harder time making shells. Although studies have reported negative effects of ocean acidification on oysters in the eastern United States, how oysters in Atlantic Canada may be affected remains unknown.
To fill this knowledge gap, the researchers studied Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) at the L’Étang Ruisseau Bar oyster hatchery in northern New Brunswick. They found that adult oysters actually increased their reproductive development under low pH. In addition, while juvenile oysters were smaller and had a higher percentage of deformities under low pH, their survival was actually higher.
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Nordic Seas acidification
Published 29 September 2020 Science ClosedTags: chemistry, field, modeling, North Atlantic, regionalmodeling
Being windows to the deep ocean, the Nordic Seas play an important role in transferring anthropogenic carbon, and thus ocean acidification, to the abyss. Due to its location in high latitudes, it is further more sensitive to acidification compared with many other oceanic regions. Here we make a detailed investigation of the acidification of the Nordic Seas, and its drivers, since pre-Industrial to 2100 by using in situ measurements, gridded climatological data, and simulations from one Earth System Model (ESM). In the last 40 years, pH has decreased by 0.11 units in the Nordic Seas surface waters, a change that is twice as large as that between 1850–1980. We find that present trends are larger than expected from the increase in atmospheric CO2 alone, which is related to a faster increase in the seawater pCO2 compared with that of the atmosphere, i.e. a weakening of the pCO2 undersaturation of the Nordic Seas. The pH drop, mainly driven by an uptake of anthropogenic CO2, is significant all over the Nordic Seas, except for in the Barents Sea Opening, where it is counteracted by a significant increase in alkalinity. We also find that the acidification signal penetrates relatively deep, in some regions down to 2000 m. This has resulted in a significant decrease in the aragonite saturation state, which approaches undersaturation at 1000–2000 m in the modern ocean. Future scenarios suggest an additional drop of 0.1–0.4 units, depending on the emission scenario, in surface pH until 2100. In the worst case scenario, RCP8.5, the entire water column will be undersaturated with respect to aragonite by the end of the century, threatening Nordic Seas cold-water corals and their ecosystems. The model simulations suggest that aragonite undersaturation can be avoided at depths where the majority of the cold-water corals live in the RCP2.6 and RCP4.5 scenarios. As these results are based on one model only, we request additional observational and model studies to better quantify the transfer of anthropogenic CO2 to deep waters and its effect on future pH in the Nordic Seas.
Sentinels of ocean acidification impacts survived Earth’s last mass extinction
Published 29 September 2020 Media coverage , Press releases ClosedTwo groups of tiny, delicate marine organisms, sea butterflies and sea angels, were found to be surprisingly resilient — having survived dramatic global climate change and Earth’s most recent mass extinction event 66 million years ago, according to research published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences led by Katja Peijnenburg from Naturalis Biodiversity Center in the Netherlands.
Sea butterflies and sea angels are pteropods, abundant, floating snails that spend their entire lives in the open ocean. A remarkable example of adaptation to life in the open ocean, these mesmerizing animals can have thin shells and a snail foot transformed into two wing-like structures that enable them to “fly” through the water.
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The origin and diversification of pteropods precede past perturbations in the Earth’s carbon cycle
Published 29 September 2020 Science ClosedTags: molecular biology, mollusks, paleo, zooplankton
Pteropods are a group of planktonic gastropods that are widely regarded as biological indicators for assessing the impacts of ocean acidification. Their aragonitic shells are highly sensitive to acute changes in ocean chemistry. However, to gain insight into their potential to adapt to current climate change, we need to accurately reconstruct their evolutionary history and assess their responses to past changes in the Earth’s carbon cycle. Here, we resolve the phylogeny and timing of pteropod evolution with a phylogenomic dataset (2,654 genes) incorporating new data for 21 pteropod species and revised fossil evidence. In agreement with traditional taxonomy, we recovered molecular support for a division between “sea butterflies” (Thecosomata; mucus-web feeders) and “sea angels” (Gymnosomata; active predators). Molecular dating demonstrated that these two lineages diverged in the early Cretaceous, and that all main pteropod clades, including shelled, partially-shelled, and unshelled groups, diverged in the mid- to late Cretaceous. Hence, these clades originated prior to and subsequently survived major global change events, including the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), the closest analog to modern-day ocean acidification and warming. Our findings indicate that planktonic aragonitic calcifiers have shown resilience to perturbations in the Earth’s carbon cycle over evolutionary timescales.
Insight from sports medicine leads to discovery about mussels in an acidifying ocean
Published 29 September 2020 Web sites and blogs Closed
The feeding rates of blue mussels slows down under ocean acidification conditions, and the cause may be the slowing beat of gill cilia, similar to a known response in human lung cells.
Shannon Meseck, a NOAA Fisheries research chemist and marathon runner, was initially interested in how ultra-runners can tolerate higher levels of carbon dioxide than non-athletes. A chance conversation with a medical doctor about ciliated cells in the human lung turned on a light bulb in her head. Could similarities between the function of these cells in humans and in blue mussels explain the mussels’ response to increasing acidification in the ocean?
Blue mussels, one of the mollusks Meseck studies, are economically and environmentally important filter-feeding bivalves. Like other bivalves, they use their gills for feeding and respiration. Gill cilia—microscopic, hair-like structures—create and control the current that allows water and food to flow over the gills. The cilia also help capture and sort food particles.
Continue reading ‘Insight from sports medicine leads to discovery about mussels in an acidifying ocean’Physiological feeding rates and cilia suppression in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) with increased levels of dissolved carbon dioxide
Published 29 September 2020 Science ClosedTags: biological response, chemistry, laboratory, mollusks, North Atlantic, performance, physiology
Highlights
- Increase carbon dioxide decreases cilia beat frequency for blue mussel.
- Ocean acidification decreased clearance rates in blue mussels.
- Ocean acidification resulted in changes in particle selection for marine bivalves.
Abstract
Gills of marine bivalves, the organs that mediate water flow for feeding and other physiological functions, are exposed to increasing levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in seawater, in response to ocean acidification (OA). We examined the effects of elevated dissolved CO2 upon filtration and feeding behavior of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, under field conditions and in laboratory studies. We further investigated possible changes in cilia beat function in response to elevated dissolved CO2. Physiological filtration and feeding variables measured; included clearance, filtration, organic ingestion, and assimilation rates and selection efficiency, which decreased with increasing CO2. Absorption efficiency was not affected by dissolved CO2. Cilia beat frequency declined in excised lateral cilia (lc) exposed to increasing CO2 levels, which appears to account for decreased clearance rates observed in field and laboratory experiments. Our data suggest that under conditions of increased CO2 blue mussels will experience changes in physiological filtration, feeding rates, and cilia beat function that could have consequences for fitness and performance.
Climate change and its impact on the coastal region
Published 29 September 2020 Science ClosedTags: review
Coastal zones are highly populated and among the world’s most diverse and productive environments. Coastal areas include complex ecosystems such as coral reefs, mangrove, salt marshes, seagrasses, etc. Global climate change accelerated by human activities affects the physical, biological, and biogeochemical characteristics of the coastal regions. Consequently the ecological structure, their functions, and the goods and services of the coastal regions are being modified. The ecosystem resilience will be greatly reduced through human impacts as well as rising sea levels, increasing sea temperatures, and other climate ocean-related changes, including prevailing wave activity and storm waves and surges. Sea level rise and increased seawater temperatures are projected to accelerate beach erosion and cause degradation of natural coastal defences such as mangroves and coral reefs resulting in negative effect on the socio-economic aspects of coastal population. Therefore, integrated approaches are essential at various levels to manage the climate change impact on coastal region.
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Interactive effects of CO2, temperature, irradiance, and nutrient limitation on the growth and physiology of the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana (Coscinodiscophyceae)
Published 28 September 2020 Science ClosedTags: biological response, growth, laboratory, multiple factors, nutrients, oxygen, photosynthesis, phytoplankton, respiration, temperature
The marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana was grown in continuous culture systems to study the interactive effects of temperature, irradiance, nutrient limitation, and the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) on its growth and physiological characteristics. The cells were able to grow at all combinations of low and high irradiance (50 and 300 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1, respectively, of visible light), low and high pCO2 (400 and 1,000 μatm, respectively), nutrient limitation (nitrate‐limited and nutrient‐replete conditions), and temperatures of 10–32°C. Under nutrient‐replete conditions, there was no adverse effect of high pCO2 on growth rates at temperatures of 10–25°C. The response of the cells to high pCO2 was similar at low and high irradiance. At supraoptimal temperatures of 30°C or higher, high pCO2 depressed growth rates at both low and high irradiance. Under nitrate‐limited conditions, cells were grown at 38 ± 2.4% of their nutrient‐saturated rates at the same temperature, irradiance, and pCO2. Dark respiration rates consistently removed a higher percentage of production under nitrate‐limited versus nutrient‐replete conditions. The percentages of production lost to dark respiration were positively correlated with temperature under nitrate‐limited conditions, but there was no analogous correlation under nutrient‐replete conditions. The results suggest that warmer temperatures and associated more intense thermal stratification of ocean surface waters could lower net photosynthetic rates if the stratification leads to a reduction in the relative growth rates of marine phytoplankton, and at truly supraoptimal temperatures there would likely be a synergistic interaction between the stresses from temperature and high pCO2 (lower pH).
Resilience of cold water aquaculture: a review of likely scenarios as climate changes in the Gulf of Maine
Published 28 September 2020 Science ClosedTags: biological response, fisheries, mollusks, North Atlantic, review
Climate change is one of the biggest challenges facing development and continuation of sustainable aquaculture in temperate regions. We primarily consider the ecological and physical resilience of aquaculture in the Gulf of Maine (GoM), where a thriving industry includes marine algae, extensive and intensive shellfish aquaculture, and a well‐established Atlantic salmon industry, as well as the infrastructure required to support these economically important ventures. The historical record of sea surface temperature in the GoM, estimated from gridded, interpolated in situ measurements, shows considerable interannual and decade‐scale variability superimposed on an overall warming trend. Climate model projections of sea surface temperature indicate that the surface waters in the GoM could warm 0.5–3.5°C beyond recent values by the year 2100. This suggests that, while variability will continue, anomalous warmth of marine heatwaves that have been observed in the past decade could become the norm in the GoM ca. 2050, but with the most significant impacts to existing aquaculture along the southernmost region of the coast. We consider adaptations leading to aquacultural resilience despite the effects of warming, larger numbers of harmful nonindigenous species (including pathogens and parasites), acidification, sea‐level rise, and more frequent storms and storm surges. Some new species will be needed, but immediate attention to adapt existing species (e.g. preserve/define wild biodiversity, breed for temperature tolerance and incorporate greater husbandry) and aquaculture infrastructure can be successful. We predict that these measures and continued collaboration between industry, stakeholders, government and researchers will lead to sustaining a vibrant working waterfront in the GoM.
Impacts of CO2 perturbation on the ecology and biogeochemistry of plankton communities during a simulated upwelling event: a mesocosm experiment in oligotrophic subtropical waters
Published 28 September 2020 Science ClosedTags: biogeochemistry, biological response, field, mesocosms, phytoplankton, zooplankton
The ocean is a major sink for anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2), taking up one third of fossil fuel CO2 annually. This causes pronounced shifts in marine carbonate chemistry, including decreasing seawater pH and carbonate saturation states. A growing body of scientific evidence indicates that these changes – summarized by the term ocean acidification (OA) – can significantly affect marine life, with potential consequences for food webs and biogeochemical cycles. Our current understanding of OA effects is largely based on laboratory experiments under rather artificial environmental conditions and with cultures of single species, thereby neglecting ecological interactions. Studies on the response of natural communities are still relatively rare, with the few existing community-level studies mostly conducted in eutrophic environments.
To close this knowledge gap and better understand how natural communities and food webs in oligotrophic environments respond to ocean acidification, an in situ mesocosm experiment was conducted in the subtropical northeast Atlantic Ocean, off the island of Gran Canaria. To investigate how OA effects might differ between oligotrophic conditions and phases of high biological productivity, which regularly occur in response to upwelling of nutrient-rich deep water in the study region, a deep-water upwelling event was simulated in the mesocosms three weeks into the experiment.
Increase in ocean acidity variability and extremes under increasing atmospheric CO2
Published 28 September 2020 Science ClosedTags: chemistry, globalmodeling, modeling
Ocean acidity extreme events are short-term periods of relatively high [H+] concentrations. The uptake of anthropogenic CO2 emissions by the ocean is expected to lead to more frequent and intense ocean acidity extreme events, not only due to changes in the long-term mean but also due to changes in short-term variability. Here, we use daily mean output from a five-member ensemble simulation of a comprehensive Earth system model under low- and high-CO2-emission scenarios to quantify historical and future changes in ocean acidity extreme events. When defining extremes relative to a fixed preindustrial baseline, the projected increase in mean [H+] causes the entire surface ocean to reach a near-permanent acidity extreme state by 2030 under both the low- and high-CO2-emission scenarios. When defining extremes relative to a shifting baseline (i.e., neglecting the changes in mean [H+]), ocean acidity extremes are also projected to increase because of the simulated increase in [H+] variability; e.g., the number of days with extremely high surface [H+] conditions is projected to increase by a factor of 14 by the end of the 21st century under the high-CO2-emission scenario relative to preindustrial levels. Furthermore, the duration of individual extreme events is projected to triple, and the maximal intensity and the volume extent in the upper 200 m are projected to quintuple. Similar changes are projected in the thermocline. Under the low-emission scenario, the increases in ocean acidity extreme-event characteristics are substantially reduced. At the surface, the increases in [H+] variability are mainly driven by increases in [H+] seasonality, whereas changes in thermocline [H+] variability are more influenced by interannual variability. Increases in [H+] variability arise predominantly from increases in the sensitivity of [H+] to variations in its drivers (i.e., carbon, alkalinity, and temperature) due to the increase in oceanic anthropogenic carbon. The projected increase in [H+] variability and extremes may enhance the risk of detrimental impacts on marine organisms, especially for those that are adapted to a more stable environment.
Carbonate chemistry variability in the East coast of Gran Canaria island
Published 25 September 2020 Science ClosedTags: chemistry, field, North Atlantic
1.1. Carbonate system variability: Marine acidification
In a natural occurring way, there have always been great variability of greenhouse gases concentration in the atmosphere (carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane). Those oscillations have always presented a quite constant range over the last 650 thousand years before the Industrial Revolution. From then on, in 1750, the greenhouse gases’ concentrations have suffered a sharp increase due to emissions from anthropogenic activities (Joos and Spahni, 2007).
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