Highlights
- Temperature shows stronger effects than CO2 on P. multiseries growth and stress reponses.
- Multi-omics analysis reveals phenotypic plasticity and molecular adaptations under long-term warming and acidification.
- Short-term experiments effectively predict long-term P. multiseries responses to combined temperature and CO2 changes.
Abstract
Ocean warming (OW) and acidification (OA) are expected to interactively impact key phytoplankton groups such as diatoms, but the underlying mechanisms, particularly under long-term acclimation, remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the responses of the toxic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries to combined changes in temperature (20 °C and 30 °C) and CO2 concentration (pCO2 400 μatm and 1000 μatm) using a multi-omics approach over an acclimation period of at least 251 generations. Physiological data suggest that elevated temperature, either alone or in combination with CO2, reduced the net photosynthesis and nitrate uptake rate, thus inhibiting P. multiseries growth. Conversely, elevated CO2 alone stimulated P. multiseries growth. Comparative genome analysis revealed the phenotypic plasticity in response to temperature and pCO2 variations, even after more than 251 generations acclimation period. Temperature was identified as the dominant environmental factor, showing stronger effects than CO2. Transcriptomic profiles indicated that genes involved in stress- and intracellular homeostasis such as Hsps, ubiquitination process and antioxidant defense were mostly down-regulated under long-term warming acclimation. This study demonstrates that P.multiseries responds similarly to both short-term and long-term experimental selection, suggesting that short-term experiments can be used to predict long-term responses.
Sun Y., Yang F., Duan R., Xu D., Zhang Y., Liang C., Wang Z., Huang X., Wang B., Wang Y., Sun H., Ye N., Fu F.-X. & Li F., 2025. Long-term warming and acidification interaction drives plastic acclimation in the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries. Marine Environmental Research 204: 106901. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106901. Article (subscription required).
