Over the last 265 million years the ocean has passed through five great crises in which a large pulse of carbon, or in one case an asteroid impact, changed the chemistry of seawater. This report compares those past events with the ocean of today, using two measures: the aragonite saturation of surface water and the share of marine life that was lost. The comparison shows that the modern ocean started from a weaker chemical position than in any of the past events, that its chemistry is now changing faster, and that its animal life has already fallen by between about one half and two thirds since 1850.
Dryden H., 2026. The collapse of the marine ecosystems. ResearchGate. Article.
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