As the ocean continues to take up carbon dioxide (CO2), it is difficult to predict the future of marine ecosystems. Natural CO2 vent sites, mainly of volcanic origin, that provide a pH gradient are useful as a proxy to investigate ecological effects of ocean acidification.
The effects of decreasing pH can be assessed at increasing levels of organisation, from the responses of individuals of a species up through populations and communities to whole ecosystems.
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Foo S. A., Byrne M., Ricevuto E., & Gambi M. C., 2018. The carbon dioxide vents of Ischia, Italy, a natural system to assess impacts of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems: an overview of research and comparisons with other vent systems. In: Hawkins S. J., Evans A. J., Dale A. C., Firth L. B. & Smith I. P. (Eds.), Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, Volume 56, pp. 237-310. Book chapter (restricted access).
