Ocean Acidification

OA Week 2021, Plenary Session 4 OceanSODA – The Satellite Oceanographic Datasets for Acidification Project

Dr. Nicolas Gruber, Professor of Environmental Physics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH Zürich), Switzerland

Description:

The potential of satellite observed salinity for observing the surface water carbonate system was identified some time ago and this space-based capability, combined with established temperature observations from space, is now enabling the development of novel satellite observation-driven acidification and inorganic carbon assessments (eg Land et al., 2019; Gregor and Gruber, 2021; Green et al., 2021; Quilfen et al., 2021). The European Space Agency funded Satellite Oceanographic Datasets for Acidification project (OceanSODA) aimed to establish the role that satellite-based Earth Observations can play in supporting and expanding research and monitoring in ocean acidification. The project, now nearly complete, had two distinct foci, scientific advancement and downstream impact assessments. The scientific advancements have produced regional and global time-series data of the surface water carbonate conditions with well characterised accuracies. The downstream assessments included the characterization and analysis of how upwelling (of low pH waters), compound (heatwaves and high acidity) events, and large river outflows (of low pH waters) impact the carbonate system, and how these conditions could affect marine organisms and ecosystems. The project has also identified how satellite observations can be used for, and are critical for, observing Arctic carbonate system conditions. These capabilities and datasets are now beginning to be noticed by non-scientific user groups as they hold potential for guiding management and policy decisions. This plenary session will discuss how this work has evolved, highlighting the scientific advances, identify potential new scientific opportunities, and discuss how these capabilities are now being noticed by early adopters and stakeholders to support decision making, by considering a range of users from shellfish farmers through to regional resources managers advising US and Canadian state governors.

Ocean Acidification Week 2021 was sponsored by the following organizations:

(1) GOA-ON, the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network,

(2) NOAA, the United States National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration,

(3) IAEA OA-ICC, the International Atomic Energy Agency – Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre, and

(4) IOC-UNESCO – the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

For more information, please visit www.goa-on.org

OA Week 2021, Plenary Session 5 Attribution & Blue Carbon

Dr. Scott Doney, Joe D. and Helen J. Kington Professor in Environmental Change, University of Virginia, USA

Description:

Uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by the surface ocean is leading to global ocean acidification, but regional variations in ocean circulation and mixing can dampen or accelerate apparent acidification rates. Excess nutrient pollution can also result in coastal acidification in estuaries and near shore regions. Both climate variability and nutrient pollution exacerbate the ecological press from rising atmosphere CO2 and can cause extreme acidification events that are detrimental to ecosystem health and fisheries.

Ocean Acidification Week 2021 was sponsored by the following organizations:

(1) GOA-ON, the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network,

(2) NOAA, the United States National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration,

(3) IAEA OA-ICC, the International Atomic Energy Agency – Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre, and

(4) IOC-UNESCO – the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

For more information, please visit www.goa-on.org

OA Week 2021, Plenary Session 5 Attribution & Blue Carbon

Dr. Rushingisha George, Researcher, Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI), Tanzania

Description:

As concentration of anthropogenic CO2 continues to increase in the atmosphere, both ocean warming and acidification will continue to increase globally. This can have both negative and positive impacts on the health and function of seagrasses, which are key primary producers and ecosystem engineers in the coastal zone. The key physiological processes (photosynthesis, calcification and respiration) of these plants operate over a wide range of climatic factors (temperature, CO2, dissolved oxygen etc.) and their response can serve to mitigate the impacts of ocean acidification on short-time scales. This talk will focus on the responses of seagrass physiological processes to elevated climatic factors (under both current and future conditions) in the water column, and how these responses affect the pH of the water column as well as on the effect of the tidal variability on pH of seagrass meadows and adjacent coastal habitats. Research findings show that seagrass physiological processes respond differently to elevated climatic factors and their interaction govern the pH of the system. The effect of physiological processes on pH of seagrass meadows of intertidal waters depend on the water level and percentage cover, and is highest during low spring tides. Photosynthetic uptake of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) can raise the mean pH of seagrass meadows, and adjacent mangrove and coral reef habitats to 5% above that of adjacent open ocean during daytime at high tide. These findings show that healthy seagrass meadows offer a huge potential to mitigate the impacts of ocean acidification, as their photosynthetic uptake of DIC have been shown raise the mean pH of seagrass meadows, and adjacent mangrove and coral reef habitats to 5% above that of adjacent open ocean during daytime at high tide. Therefore, reducing anthropogenic stressors such as eutrophication by land-based pollution sources, among others, will make seagrass meadows healthy and resilient to elevated water temperatures while mitigating the impacts of ocean acidification on temporal scales.”

Ocean Acidification Week 2021 was sponsored by the following organizations:

(1) GOA-ON, the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network,

(2) NOAA, the United States National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration,

(3) IAEA OA-ICC, the International Atomic Energy Agency – Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre, and

(4) IOC-UNESCO – the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

For more information, please visit www.goa-on.org

OA Week 2021, Plenary Session 4 OceanSODA – The Satellite Oceanographic Datasets for Acidification Project

Isabella Lövin, Former Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Environment and Climate, Sweden

Ocean Acidification Week 2021 was sponsored by the following organizations:

(1) GOA-ON, the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network,

(2) NOAA, the United States National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration,

(3) IAEA OA-ICC, the International Atomic Energy Agency – Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre, and

(4) IOC-UNESCO – the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

For more information, please visit www.goa-on.org

OA Week 2021, Plenary Session 4 OceanSODA – The Satellite Oceanographic Datasets for Acidification Project

Dr. Jamie Shutler, Associate Professor in Earth Observation, University of Exeter, UK

Description:

The potential of satellite observed salinity for observing the surface water carbonate system was identified some time ago and this space-based capability, combined with established temperature observations from space, is now enabling the development of novel satellite observation-driven acidification and inorganic carbon assessments (eg Land et al., 2019; Gregor and Gruber, 2021; Green et al., 2021; Quilfen et al., 2021). The European Space Agency funded Satellite Oceanographic Datasets for Acidification project (OceanSODA) aimed to establish the role that satellite-based Earth Observations can play in supporting and expanding research and monitoring in ocean acidification. The project, now nearly complete, had two distinct foci, scientific advancement and downstream impact assessments. The scientific advancements have produced regional and global time-series data of the surface water carbonate conditions with well characterised accuracies. The downstream assessments included the characterization and analysis of how upwelling (of low pH waters), compound (heatwaves and high acidity) events, and large river outflows (of low pH waters) impact the carbonate system, and how these conditions could affect marine organisms and ecosystems. The project has also identified how satellite observations can be used for, and are critical for, observing Arctic carbonate system conditions. These capabilities and datasets are now beginning to be noticed by non-scientific user groups as they hold potential for guiding management and policy decisions. This plenary session will discuss how this work has evolved, highlighting the scientific advances, identify potential new scientific opportunities, and discuss how these capabilities are now being noticed by early adopters and stakeholders to support decision making, by considering a range of users from shellfish farmers through to regional resources managers advising US and Canadian state governors.

Ocean Acidification Week 2021 was sponsored by the following organizations:

(1) GOA-ON, the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network,

(2) NOAA, the United States National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration,

(3) IAEA OA-ICC, the International Atomic Energy Agency – Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre, and

(4) IOC-UNESCO – the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

For more information, please visit www.goa-on.org

OA Week 2021, Plenary Session 4 OceanSODA – The Satellite Oceanographic Datasets for Acidification Project

Ms. Hannah Green, PhD Student, University of Exeter and Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK

Description: The potential of satellite observed salinity for observing the surface water carbonate system was identified some time ago and this space-based capability, combined with established temperature observations from space, is now enabling the development of novel satellite observation-driven acidification and inorganic carbon assessments (eg Land et al., 2019; Gregor and Gruber, 2021; Green et al., 2021; Quilfen et al., 2021). The European Space Agency funded Satellite Oceanographic Datasets for Acidification project (OceanSODA) aimed to establish the role that satellite-based Earth Observations can play in supporting and expanding research and monitoring in ocean acidification. The project, now nearly complete, had two distinct foci, scientific advancement and downstream impact assessments. The scientific advancements have produced regional and global time-series data of the surface water carbonate conditions with well characterised accuracies. The downstream assessments included the characterization and analysis of how upwelling (of low pH waters), compound (heatwaves and high acidity) events, and large river outflows (of low pH waters) impact the carbonate system, and how these conditions could affect marine organisms and ecosystems. The project has also identified how satellite observations can be used for, and are critical for, observing Arctic carbonate system conditions. These capabilities and datasets are now beginning to be noticed by non-scientific user groups as they hold potential for guiding management and policy decisions. This plenary session will discuss how this work has evolved, highlighting the scientific advances, identify potential new scientific opportunities, and discuss how these capabilities are now being noticed by early adopters and stakeholders to support decision making, by considering a range of users from shellfish farmers through to regional resources managers advising US and Canadian state governors.

Ocean Acidification Week 2021 was sponsored by the following organizations:

(1) GOA-ON, the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network,

(2) NOAA, the United States National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration,

(3) IAEA OA-ICC, the International Atomic Energy Agency – Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre, and

(4) IOC-UNESCO – the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

For more information, please visit www.goa-on.org

OA Week 2021, Plenary Session 3 GOA-ON Goal #3 – Acquire and exchange data and knowledge necessary to optimize modeling for OA and its impacts

Dr. Manuel Barange, Director of the Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy and Resources Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

Ocean Acidification Week 2021 was sponsored by the following organizations:

(1) GOA-ON, the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network,

(2) NOAA, the United States National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration,

(3) IAEA OA-ICC, the International Atomic Energy Agency – Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre, and

(4) IOC-UNESCO – the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

For more information, please visit www.goa-on.org

OA Week 2021, Plenary Session 3 GOA-ON Goal #3 – Acquire and exchange data and knowledge necessary to optimize modeling for OA and its impacts

Dr. Fabian Gomez, Research Scientist, Northern Gulf Institute, Mississippi State University, and NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Atmospheric Laboratory, USA

Description:

Ocean Acidification (OA) progression is affected by multiple factors, such as ocean warming, biological production, and river runoff. Here we used an ocean-biogeochemical model to examine the drivers of the OA spatiotemporal variability in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) during 1981-2014. The model showed negative pH and aragonite saturation state trends (ΩAr), linked to increasing levels of atmospheric CO2, which were close to values reported for the Subtropical North Atlantic. However, significant departures from the basin-mean trends were obtained over the northern GoM inner shelf, where the sign of the trends was positive. Model sensitivity analyses showed that OA progression in this last region was counteracted by enhanced alkalinity from the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River System (MARS). The model results also showed interdecadal changes in the OA indicators linked to the 1997-98 climate shift. We detected a stronger OA in the northern GoM shelf during 1999-2014, driven by interdecadal changes in the MARS’s ratio of alkalinity to dissolved inorganic carbon. Away from the northern GoM shelf, surface warming during 1981-1998 and a weak surface cooling during 1999-2014 promoted a stronger positive trend for ΩAr while counteracted the trend changes for pH and partial pressure of CO2. Our findings highlight that river alkalinity is a key driver of the low-frequency carbon system variability and emphasize the need for considering realistic freshwater chemistry fluxes to properly assess acidification in coastal waters.

Ocean Acidification Week 2021 was sponsored by the following organizations:

(1) GOA-ON, the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network,

(2) NOAA, the United States National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration,

(3) IAEA OA-ICC, the International Atomic Energy Agency – Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre, and

(4) IOC-UNESCO – the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

For more information, please visit www.goa-on.org

OA Week 2021, Plenary Session 3 GOA-ON Goal #3 – Acquire and exchange data and knowledge necessary to optimize modeling for OA and its impacts

Dr. Samantha Siedlecki, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, USA

Description:

Corrosive and hypoxic events in coastal waters are of increasing concern to local fisheries. Many important species (oysters, crabs, phytoplankton, zooplankton) in Washington and Oregon coastal waters are currently experiencing or are expected to feel effects of ocean acidification. Direct effects have been observed on the $100 million shellfish industry, and additional indirect economic impacts could impact the finfish industry through loss of prey species. Recent findings from the West Coast Ocean Acidification and Hypoxia Panel and the Washington Blue Ribbon Panel Addendum emphasize the need to use models to assess probable future conditions at local and regional scales. It is now possible to simulate important processes for regional Ω, pH, and hypoxia variability due to the higher spatial and temporal resolution of models combined with more comprehensive observations. The ability to predict the intensity of hypoxic and corrosive conditions, spatial variability of these conditions, and changes in their duration could be of considerable benefit to managers. These abilities require models to forecast and project variability with accurate representations of processes important to determining that variability. A suite of forecast and projections have been in development for the Pacific Northwest coast including a short-term forecast (LiveOcean, 72 hour) and some high-emissions scenario projections out to 2100. These simulations enable us to attribute regional variability to important processes like regional freshwater influence, water column metabolism, and changes in buffer capacity. The simulations also allow us to explore impacts of future emission scenarios on the regional expression of those processes within the context of Ω and pH variability on a range scales. In this work, we discuss methods for evaluating model forecasts and projections to ensure they achieve well-simulated conditions for the right reasons, showcase results of simulating important processes attributed to determining variability in the region, and determine the implications for these processes in a future scenario. Our results will shed light on the extent and timing of the risks to local ecosystems and provide critical guidance to those concerned with mitigation of and adaptation to the threat of ocean acidification.

Ocean Acidification Week 2021 was sponsored by the following organizations:

(1) GOA-ON, the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network,

(2) NOAA, the United States National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration,

(3) IAEA OA-ICC, the International Atomic Energy Agency – Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre, and

(4) IOC-UNESCO – the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

For more information, please visit www.goa-on.org

OA Week 2021, Plenary Session 2 – GOA-ON Goal #2 – Improve our understanding of ecosystem response to OA

Dr. Carla Edworthy, Postdoctoral Researcher, The South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, South Africa

Description:

Ocean acidification monitoring is still limited in South Africa, especially in our unique, productive and dynamic coastal areas. My talk will be a story of my journey with ocean acidification research in South Africa. I will discuss how we started our research on OA, how we progressed, how we made use of our opportunities and how we overcame several limitations. The talk will focus on our monitoring efforts and how we developed best practice methods for designing a simple and appropriate strategy for monitoring OA in an understudied region. I will also discuss how this information serves to assess the ecosystem effects of OA in South Africa, on coastal species and resources relevant to people. I will also add some thoughts for future research.

Ocean Acidification Week 2021 was sponsored by the following organizations:

(1) GOA-ON, the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network,

(2) NOAA, the United States National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration,

(3) IAEA OA-ICC, the International Atomic Energy Agency – Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre, and

(4) IOC-UNESCO – the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

For more information, please visit www.goa-on.org

OA Week 2021, Plenary Session 2 GOA-ON Goal #2 – Improve our understanding of ecosystem response to OA

Dr. Chris Cornwall Research Fellow & Lecturer, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand

Description:

Ocean acidification (OA) is a major threat to the persistence of biogenic reefs throughout the world’s ocean. Coralline algae are comprised of high magnesium calcite and have long been considered one of the most susceptible taxa to the negative impacts of OA. In a recent meta-analysis/systematic review, we uncover some consistent and some inconsistent impacts of ocean acidification: most coralline algae experienced reduced abundance, calcification rates, recruitment rates, and declines in pH within the site of calcification in laboratory experiments simulating ocean acidification or at naturally elevated CO2 sites. There were no other consistent physiological responses of coralline algae to simulated OA (e.g. photo-physiology, mineralogy and survival). OA is the dominant driver in the majority of laboratory experiments where other local or global drivers were assessed. The interaction between OA and any other single driver was often additive, though factors that changed pH at the surface of coralline algae (light, water motion, epiphytes) acted antagonistically or synergistically with OA more than any other drivers. Coral reefs will be severely impacted by ocean warming and associated marine heatwaves. Reefs that could fair well under marine heatwaves currently have high contributions of coralline algae. However, the ability of these reefs to continue to calcify will be threatening by intensifying ocean acidification.

Ocean Acidification Week 2021 was sponsored by the following organizations:

(1) GOA-ON, the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network,

(2) NOAA, the United States National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration,

(3) IAEA OA-ICC, the International Atomic Energy Agency – Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre, and

(4) IOC-UNESCO – the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

For more information, please visit www.goa-on.org

The IAEA’s Environment Laboratories have been at the forefront of ocean research since 1961, and this year are celebrating 60 years of addressing global ocean issues. From marine radioactivity to plastic pollution to climate change and more, the laboratories use nuclear science and technology to understand our biggest emerging challenges.

OA Week 2021

Promotional video for the 5th International Symposium on the Ocean in a High CO2 World Lima, Peru

13-16 September 2022

Ocean Acidification Week 2021 was sponsored by the following organizations:

(1) GOA-ON, the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network,

(2) NOAA, the United States National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration,

(3) IAEA OA-ICC, the International Atomic Energy Agency – Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre, and

(4) IOC-UNESCO – the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

For more information about GOA-ON, please visit www.goa-on.org

For more information about the High CO2 Symposium, please visit http://www.highco2-lima.org/index.htm

OA Week 2021, Plenary Session 1

GOA-ON Goal #1 – Improve our understanding of global OA conditions

Dr. Richard Feely, Senior Scientist, NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, USA

Description:

The ocean’s chemistry is changing due to the uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. Over the course of the last 270 years, the global oceans have absorbed approximately160 ± 20 Pg C as carbon dioxide (CO2), which is roughly 25-32% of the total CO2 that has been released into the atmosphere by the combined effects of human activities. Upon exchanging with seawater at the air-sea interface, CO2 undergoes a chemical reaction with seawater to form carbonic acid which increases the hydrogen ion concentration of seawater in a process known as ocean acidification (OA). Since the late 1980s, surface ocean pH has decreased by a range of -0.07 to – 0.17 per decade, with measurable regional trends. The decline in pH generally decreases with depth within the ocean interior but temporal changes in acidification can be observed to depths as much as 2000 m below the surface. Current projections indicate that by 2100 the pH of the surface water is expected decrease by as much as -0.38 with substantial regional variations under the RCP8.5 CO2 emission scenario. Over this the century, it is anticipated that the seasonal amplitude of the H+ concentration will increase by as much as 80% under the same scenario.

Ocean Acidification Week 2021 was sponsored by the following organizations:

(1) GOA-ON, the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network,

(2) NOAA, the United States National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration,

(3) IAEA OA-ICC, the International Atomic Energy Agency – Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre, and

(4) IOC-UNESCO – the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

For more information, please visit www.goa-on.org

OA Week 2021, Plenary Session 1 GOA-ON Goal #1 – Improve our understanding of global OA conditions

Dr. Kim Currie, Marine Chemist, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), New Zealand

Description:

The recent IPCC AR6 report stated that changes to the ocean including ocean acidification are clearly linked to human activity. A decline in pH has been observed in all ocean basins, and ocean acidification is virtually certain. In the New Zealand region of the South Pacific Ocean, as in other regions, the pH is predicted, with high certainty, to continue to decline. The IPCC is able to make these statements with the associated high level of confidence because of the meticulous ocean carbon chemistry measurements made by scientists from many countries over many years. However, establishing such trends with high certainty in coastal locations is more difficult because the scale of variability is high, and the time of emergence of any long -term trend is long. Many countries do not have the resources or expertise needed to start and maintain the long term observations needed to directly quantify any change in the coastal carbon chemistry due to anthropogenic drivers. GOA-ON is directly involved in addressing this, providing resources, protocols and training to enable equitable participation for countries to monitor the OA status of their own coastal environments. New Zealand, like many countries, has begun this process of establishing current day conditions with the aim of documenting the changing OA condition of our coastal waters over the long-term. The New Zealand Ocean Acidification Observing Network (NZOA-ON) collaborates with a variety of stakeholders and local communities to inform management of our coastal ecosystems.

Ocean Acidification Week 2021 was sponsored by the following organizations:

(1) GOA-ON, the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network,

(2) NOAA, the United States National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration,

(3) IAEA OA-ICC, the International Atomic Energy Agency – Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre, and

(4) IOC-UNESCO – the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

For more information, please visit www.goa-on.org

OA Week 2021, Ocean Acidification Research for Sustainability (OARS) Overview and Community Discussion

Healing the Ocean, Restoring the Ocean

Ambassador Peter Thomson, The UN Secretary General’s Special Envoy for the Ocean

Ocean Acidification Week 2021 was sponsored by the following organizations:

(1) GOA-ON, the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network,

(2) NOAA, the United States National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration,

(3) IAEA OA-ICC, the International Atomic Energy Agency – Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre, and (4) IOC-UNESCO – the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

For more information, please visit www.goa-on.org

OA Week 2021, REMARCO regional observatory takes up the challenge: reporting marine acidity in Latin America and the Caribbean

Description:

The Marine-Coastal Stressors Research Network in Latin America and the Caribbean (REMARCO) is made up of institutions from 18 Latin American and Caribbean countries, participating in the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) technical cooperation project RLA/7/025 for the strengthening of coastal marine research. The project currently includes research on aspects of harmful algal blooms, eutrophication, microplastics and ocean acidification with the aim of communicating with the different actors and generating tools for decision-makers.

The main objective of the acidification component is to build capacity in the region to measure ocean acidity and report on Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) indicator 14.3.1 (pH).

To achieve this objective, the following activities are being carried out:

• Forming a working team with researchers from the 18 REMARCO countries.

• Identify the needs in the region that to date did not allow the indicator to be reported and a REMARCO plan to close the gaps.

• Establish agreements between those responsible for national reporting of the indicator and REMARCO.

• Establish a regional observatory to generate local and regional data of global interest.

• Develop standardized protocols for sampling, measurement and uncertainty estimation of total alkalinity, pHT and dissolved inorganic carbon.

• Conduct (virtual) training courses for analysts and indicator reporters.

• Deliver kits of equipment, materials and reagents for indicator reporting with the required quality.

• Strengthen regional capacities to purify m-cresol and develop working standards.

• Report indicator 14.3.1 (3 countries by 2020).

A “round table” will be held with representatives of the ocean acidification component from different REMARCO countries (Spanish, English and Portuguese languages) and a representative of IAEA. The representatives will make 5 min interventions and after each presentation a question and answer session will be opened for discussion with the audience (each question will be answered in the language in which the question is generated).

Ocean Acidification Week 2021 was sponsored by the following organizations:

(1) GOA-ON, the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network,

(2) NOAA, the United States National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration,

(3) IAEA OA-ICC, the International Atomic Energy Agency – Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre, and

(4) IOC-UNESCO – the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

For more information, please visit www.goa-on.org.