Since the industrial revolution in the mid-18th century, human activities, such as deforestation, cement production, and the burning of fossil fuels and biomass, have significantly increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations (Takahashi et al., 2009). The current CO2 concentration has risen to 420 ppm from the preindustrial level of 280 ppm (CO2.earth, 2023). Oceans, serving as the largest carbon sink, play a vital role in the global carbon cycle, absorbing approximately one-third of the CO2 released into the atmosphere (Gruber et al., 2019). This absorption has led to a decrease in seawater pH, known as ocean acidification (OA) (Caldeira and Wickett, 2003).
Chen Z., Shang Y., Khan F. U. & Wang Y., 2024. Ecophysiology and ocean acidification in marine mollusks: from molecule to behavior. In: Wang Y. (Ed.), Chapter 8 – Limitations and outlook of research in ecophysiology and ocean acidification in marine mollusks, pp. 265-298. Elsevier: Academic Press. Chapter (restricted access).
