Mangroves are found in tropical and subtropical areas and very important ecosystem. Integrated urbanization, industrialization, and climate change are major factors contributing serious threat to mangrove ecosystem. Mangrove forests are very efficient carbon sinks. The impact of global climate change such as sea level rise, acidifying oceans, melting snow, oscillating weather patterns is putting mangrove forests at high risk. Arising the sea level will have the greatest impact on mangrove confronting overall decreasing in the sediment elevations, where the area for landward migration is limited. Anthropogenic activities such as aquaculture, tourism, over-exploitation of forests, construction of industries induced climate change coupled with urbanization play a major role for depletion of mangrove. Urbanization, industrialization, and land conversion of mangrove habitat into agricultural and urban area accelerated the mangrove impairment. This chapter highlighted on the impact of climate change and urbanization on mangrove ecosystem.
Kumari P. & Pathak B., 2023. Effect of climate change and urbanization on mangrove ecosystem. In: Pathak B. & Dubey R. S. (Eds.), Climate change and urban environment sustainability. Disaster resilience and green growth, 329 pp. Singapore: Springer. Book chapter (restricted access).
