Our oceans are changing fast, and, in particular, human-induced climate change has negative effects on the ocean. Ocean acidification (OA), sea-level rise, and ocean warming are endangering oceanic ecosystems and ecosystem services simultaneously. In addition, other human activities cause ocean stress at the same time, such as fishing or pollution. The research and understanding of these repercussions of climate change are growing, but not everything is understood. In particular, the interaction between different repercussions of climate change and other ocean stressors still requires research. Nevertheless, science is progressing fast; for example, nature-based solutions could be a helpful tool in the fight against these negative influences on the ocean. As science advances, law and policy must also evolve to prevent changes in the ocean environment and avoid reaching critical tipping points. These tipping points mark significant and often irreversible shifts in the climate system, including the ocean.
Frosch A., 2025. Global experimentalist governance and ocean acidification. In: Liu N. & Scott S. V. (Eds.), The Law of the Sea and the Planetary Crisis, pp. 6-33. Routledge. Chapter (restricted access).
